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Inner and East Asia, 600 – 1200. Tang Origins Sui Dynasty (581 – 618) Emperor Li Shimin Extension of autonomy, Confucian examinations Turkic culture/military. I. The Early Tang Empire, 618 - 715. Buddhism and the Tang Empire. Presence of Buddhism, responsibility of king
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Tang Origins Sui Dynasty (581 – 618) Emperor Li Shimin Extension of autonomy, Confucian examinations Turkic culture/military I. The Early Tang Empire, 618 - 715
Buddhism and the Tang Empire • Presence of Buddhism, responsibility of king • Mahayana Buddhism dominant – facilitated cultural exchange • Early Tang dependence on Buddhist monasteries • Capital at Chang’an • Cosmopolitan - diversity, contacts with Inner Asia
Roads, Grand Canal Tributary system Compass design, ocean vessels Plague of Justinian To Chang’an by Land and Sea
Trade and Cultural Exchange • Cultural impact from Inner Asia/Islam • Clothing • Stringed instruments, food and wine • 1000 CE exports exceeded imports – balance of trade • Silks, porcelain • Increased trade along Silk Road/Indian Ocean – traders use credit/finance networks
II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600 – 907 The Uighur and Tibetan Empire • Turks migrated from Mongolia westward • 8th century – Uighurs controlled Tarim Basin/Inner Asia • Cosmopolitan – merchants, scribes, art, religion • Fell quickly • Chinese pilgrims traveled through Tibet • Alphabet, art/architecture, medicine, math, farming
II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600 – 907, continued • 643 – Tang princess Kongjo married Tibetan king – brought Mahayana Buddhism, increased contact between Tibet and Tang • Tibetan military strengths • Late 600s – Tang and Tibet competing from control over Inner Asia • Tibet reached into Chinese provinces • 800 – Tibetan king wanted to do away with monasteries but assassinated by monks – further isolation
Upheavals and Repression, 750 – 879 • New fears of Buddhism undermining Confucianism, Han Yu • Emperor Wu Zhao – favored Buddhism/Daoism, reviled by Confucian writers • Buddhists severed ties to this world • Edict of 845 – Tang destroyed thousands of temples, government gained new sources of revenue • Fall of Buddhism in Tang China
The End of the Tang Empire, 879 – 907 • Empire dependent on local military rulers/complex tax system • 755 – Rebellion led by General An Lushan, rise of military governors • Prosperity but political disintegration and cultural decay • 879 – 881 – Huang Chao (gentry) led greatest uprising Hatred of foreigners • Warlords – mass migrations to the south
III. The Emergence of East Asia to 1200 Three new states: origins, beliefs The Liao and Jin Challenge • Liao Empire of Khitan (916 – 1121) – Siberia to Central Asia • Pastoral traditions, importance of Buddhism to emperor • Siege machines, horsemen • 1005 – Song tribute to the Liao • Alliance with Jurchens of northeast Asia • Destruction of Liao capital in 1115 • “Southern Song” (1127 – 1279) – Song make payments to Jin to avoid warfare
Song Industries • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION??? • Indian/West Asian mathematicians/astronomers – fractions/calendars • 1088 – Su Song and giant celestial clock • Advances in magnetic compass • Junk ships – rudder, watertight bulkheads…copied in Persian Gulf • HUGE ARMY (1.25 million men) – half the territory of the Tang • Use of steel/iron – sources in the north • Government monopoly by 11th c. – producing as much cast iron as 18th c. Great Britain • Mass production • 1100s - Gunpowder - impact
Economy and Society in Song China • Neo – Confucianism, Zhu Xi, ideal human – the sage • Chan Buddhism (Zen in Japan) – mental discipline • Rigorous examinations for bureaucratic offices • Social implications of scoring well/poorly on exams • Printing – woodblock to moveable type • Mass printing of books, exam materials, instructions on cultivation • Agriculture south of the Yangzi River, plow/rakes, control of malaria • Migration to the south, displacement of native people • 1100 – population in Chinese territories over 100 million
Large cities • Problems in cities – waste management, water supply, etc. • City of Hangzhou • Credit – “flying money” • Government issued paper money - inflation • Cost of military expenditures • Sold rights to collect taxes • New social hierarchy based on new sources of wealth – MODERN – growth of middle class and private capitalism seen in 18th c. Europe • Women’s rights/education • Development of footbinding – status symbol
Expanding Confucian world view targeted the south Cultivation of rice needed structured society Korea, Japan and Vietnam all centralized power during the Tang period – saw Buddhism and Confucianism as compatible IV. New Kingdoms in East Asia
Korea • Mountains, little agricultural land • Early 500s - kingdom of Silla (south); power of landowners, Koguryo kingdom in north, after 688 Silla ruled but needed support of Tang • After early 900s (fall of Tang) house of Koryo united peninsula – alliance with the Song • Koryo kings supported Buddhism – woodblock printing from 700s • Process of woodblock printing, advances…
Japan Japan • Geography • Mid 600s Yamato followed Tang government • Architecture, Buddhism • No walls, Mandate of Heaven • Unchanging Tenno dynasty, role of prime minister and Shinto • Kyoto • Fujiwara family – cultural development, Confucianism • Power of warriors, civil war • Education of women – The Tale of Genji • Kamakura Shogunate – Buddhism, rise of samurai
Vietnam • Red River and Mekong, irrigation systems • “Annam” – Confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana Buddhism • 936 – Dai Viet – good relations with Song • Rivalry wit Champa (south) – foreign influences • Champa and voluntary tribute – Champa rice • Confucian hierarchy – differences in treatment of women