The Epistle of St. James

1. The Epistle of St. James

2. The Epistle of St. James Author: + St. James is the author: “James, a bondservant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ” (James 1:1) + Most scholars agree that he is St. James, the Lord’s brother. + He was known as the Lord’s brother, as he was the Lord Christ’s cousin. In the Jewish tradition, cousins were called brothers and sisters and so when the Bible mentions our Lord’s brothers, it refers to St. Mary’s nephews and nieces, as she was ever virgin: “Is this not the carpenter’s son? Is not His mother called Mary? And His brothers James, Joses, Simon, and Judas?” (Matthew 13:55)

3. The Epistle of St. James “But I saw none of the other apostles except James, the Lord’s brother” (Galatians 1:19) + Most likely, he is the same person as James the son of Alphaeus, who was one of the twelve disciples: “Now the names of the twelve apostles are these:… James the son of Alphaeus” (Matthew 10:2,3) + His mother then would be Mary, St. Mary’s sister, who was the wife of Clopas; who was to be identified Alphaeus. She was among the women at the Lord Jesus’ Crucifixion and tomb: “Now there stood by the cross of Jesus His mother, and His mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene” (John 19:25)

4. The Epistle of St. James “There were also women looking on from afar, among whom were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James the Less and of Joses, and Salome” (Mark 15:40) “Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him” (Mark 16:1) + St. James the son of Alphaeus was also known as (James the less), to differentiate him from St. James, the brother of St. John the beloved, who was the first apostle to be martyred, early as A.D. 44: “Now about that time Herod the king stretched out his hand to harass some from the church. Then he killed James the brother of John with the sword” (Acts 12:1-2)

5. The Epistle of St. James + He was originally a very devout Jew, and a man of prayer, that is why he was called (James the Just). It was said that because of his much prostrations in prayers, his knees were as hard as those on a camel. + This apostle was more prominent among the brethren after Pentecost than were some of the others. Jesus seems to have appeared specially to him after his resurrection: “After that He was seen by James, then by all the apostles. Then last of all He was seen by me also, as by one born out of due time” (1 Corinthians 15:7) + He was the first bishop over Jerusalem and he presided over the first council in Jerusalem in A.D. 52, in which the conflict over circumcision was debated, and he was the one who declared its final decision:

6. The Epistle of St. James “James answered, saying: Men and brethren, listen to me… Therefore I judge that we should not trouble those from among the Gentiles who are turning to God, but that we write to them to abstain from things polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from things strangled, and from blood” (Acts 15:13-19,20) + When St. Paul went to Jerusalem at the end of his 3rd missionary trip, prior to his arrest there, he went to St. James and the elders and told them about his ministry among the Gentiles: “And when we had come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us gladly. On the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present When he had greeted them, he told in detail those things which God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry” (Acts 21:17-19)

7. The Epistle of St. James + St. Paul regarded him as one of the pillars of the church, and he mentioned him before St. Peter and St. John. The latter three were the main apostles responsible of the ministry towards the believing Jews: “And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that had been given to me, they gave me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised” (Galatians 2:9) + He was martyred in A.D. 62, where the Jews casted him down from the temple. He took the worshipping position, asking for them forgiveness, and they stoned him.

8. The Epistle of St. James Recipients: + The epistle was addressing the believing Jews, living outside the land of Palestine: “To the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad: Greetings” (James 1:1) - Fifteen times St. James called them thus ‘Brethren’: “My brethren, do not hold the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory, with partiality” (James 2:1) + It appears many of these Jewish Christians were poor and oppressed. Being Jews, they would often be rejected by the Gentiles. As Jewish…

9. The Epistle of St. James Christians, they would also be rejected by many of their own countrymen. Date and Location of Writing: + St. James wrote the epistle in A.D. 60 or 61, probably from Jerusalem. Characteristic Points about the Epistle: 1. The epistle is characterized by its simple and direct teachings, being considered as one of the most epistles of the New Testament easy to understand. 2. The epistle has the style of an exhortation, in the structure of a letter. 3. The words of St. James here are brief and up to the point.

10. The Epistle of St. James 4. St. James presented many analogues to illustrate his teachings, where many of his imageries were drawn from nature: “For no sooner has the sun risen with a burning heat than it withers the grass; its flower falls, and its beautiful appearance perishes. So the rich man also will fade away in his pursuits” (James 1:11) 5. Most of the epistle is practical commandments, where there are 54 imperatives in total of 108 verses: “Cleanse your hands, you sinners; and purify your hearts, you double-minded” (James 4:8) 6. St. James used some references from the Old Testament, having…

11. The Epistle of St. James Jewish Christians as his primary audience: “You have heard of the perseverance of Job and seen the end intended by the Lord—that the Lord is very compassionate and merciful” (James 5:11) 7. The epistle is very similar to the Sermon on the Mount, where its teachings appear parallel to it: “But above all, my brethren, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or with any other oath. But let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No,’ ‘No,’ lest you fall into judgment” (James 5:12) “But I say to you, do not swear at all: neither by heaven, for it is God’s throne; nor by the earth, for it is His footstool… But let your ‘Yes’ be…

12. The Epistle of St. James ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No,’ ‘No.’ For whatever is more than these is from the evil one” (Matthew 5:34-35,37) 8. St. James focuses in his epistle on good works, and that they are the expression of the true Christian faith. In contrast, we see St. Paul calls for faith as the cause of justification, though not ignoring the necessity of implementing it through actions in our daily life. Therefore the writings of the two apostles do not contradict, but rather complement each other. 9. There are some resemblances between this epistle and the 1st epistle of St. Peter: “Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and He will lift you up” (James 4:10)

13. The Epistle of St. James “Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that He may exalt you in due time” (1 Peter 5:6) The Purpose of Writing the Epistle: 1. To Encourage the Believers to Endure Trials, Revealing their Significance: “My brethren, count it all joy when you fall into various trials, knowing that the testing of your faith produces patience” (James 1:2-3) 2. To Instruct them Concerning True and Practical Religion, Relating Faith to Practical Life: “But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves” (James 1:22)

14. The Epistle of St. James Theme of the Epistle: + The epistle is a call to be doers of the Word, manifesting a living faith through one’s works. It emphasizes on how faith relates to works. Thus the theme of the epistle may be: (Harmony of Faith and Works): “For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also” (James 2:26) Contents: I. Enduring Trials and Temptations: (Ch. 1)

15. The Epistle of St. James 1. With Joy and Patience: “But let patience have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking nothing” (James 1:4) 2. With Wisdom from God: “If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach, and it will be given to him” (James 1:5-6) “But let him ask in faith, with no doubting, for he who doubts is like a wave of the sea driven and tossed by the wind. For let not that man suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord” (James 1:6-7)

16. The Epistle of St. James 3. With a Proper Perspective: “Let the lowly brother glory in his exaltation, but the rich in his humiliation, because as a flower of the field he will pass away” (James 1:9-10) 4. With an Understanding of Temptation: “Blessed is the man who endures temptation; for when he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life which the Lord has promised to those who love Him” (James 1:12) “Let no one say when he is tempted: I am tempted by God; for God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He Himself tempt anyone. But each one is tempted when he is drawn away by his own desires and enticed…

17. The Epistle of St. James Then, when desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, brings forth death” (James 1:13-15) 5. With an Awareness of the Father’s Goodness: “Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and comes down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation or shadow of turning” (James 1:17) II. Doers, Not Hearers Only: (Chs. 1-2) 1. Be Slow to Wrath: “So then, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow t o...

18. The Epistle of St. James speak, slow to wrath; for the wrath of man does not produce the righteousness of God” (James 1:19-20) 2. One Should Not Be Hearers Only, But Doers: “Therefore lay aside all filthiness and overflow of wickedness, and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls” (James 1:21) “For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man observing his natural face in a mirror; for he observes himself, goes away, and immediately forgets what kind of man he was” (James 1:23-24) “But he who looks into the perfect law of liberty and continues in it, and…

19. The Epistle of St. James is not a forgetful hearer but a doer of the work, this one will be blessed in what he does” (James 1:25) 3. Mastery Over Speech: “If anyone among you thinks he is religious, and does not bridle his tongue but deceives his own heart, this one’s religion is useless” (James 1:26) 4. Ministry to the Needy, With No Personal Favoritism: “Pure and undefiled religion before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their trouble, and to keep oneself unspotted from the world” (James 1:27)

20. The Epistle of St. James “Listen, my beloved brethren: Has God not chosen the poor of this world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom which He promised to those who love Him?” (James 2:5) “If you really fulfill the royal law according to the Scripture: You shall love your neighbor as yourself, you do well” (James 2:8) “But if you show partiality, you commit sin, and are convicted by the law as transgressors” (James 2:9) “For whoever shall keep the whole law, and yet stumble in one point, he is guilty of all” (James 2:10)

21. The Epistle of St. James “So speak and so do as those who will be judged by the law of liberty” (James 2:12) “For judgment is without mercy to the one who has shown no mercy. Mercy triumphs over judgment” (James 2:13) 5. Showing Faith By Works: “What does it profit, my brethren, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can faith save him?” (James 2:14) “If a brother or sister is naked and destitute of daily food, and one of you says to them: Depart in peace, be warmed and filled, but you do not give them the things which are needed for the body, what does it profit?” (James 2:15-16)

22. The Epistle of St. James “Thus also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead” (James 2:17) “But someone will say: You have faith, and I have works. Show me your faith without your works, and I will show you my faith by my works” (James 2:18) “You believe that there is one God. You do well. Even the demons believe—and tremble!” (James 2:19) “But do you want to know, O foolish man, that faith without works is dead?” (James 2:20) “Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered Isaac…

23. The Epistle of St. James his son on the altar? Do you see that faith was working together with his works, and by works faith was made perfect? And the Scripture was fulfilled which says: Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness. And he was called the friend of God” (James 2:21-23) “You see then that a man is justified by works, and not by faith only” (James 2:24) III. True Religion Displays Wisdom, Not Just Speaking: (Ch. 3) 1. Danger of the Tongue: “My brethren, let not many of you become teachers, knowing that we shall receive a stricter judgment” (James 3:1)

24. The Epistle of St. James “If anyone does not stumble in word, he is a perfect man, able also to bridle the whole body” (James 3:2) “Indeed, we put bits in horses’ mouths that they may obey us, and we turn their whole body” (James 3:3) “Look also at ships: although they are so large and are driven by fierce winds, they are turned by a very small rudder wherever the pilot desires” (James 3:4) “Even so the tongue is a little member and boasts great things” (James 3:5) “The tongue is so set among our members that it defiles the whole…

25. The Epistle of St. James body and sets on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire by hell” (James 3:6) “With it we bless our God and Father, and with it we curse men, who have been made in the similitude of God. Out of the same mouth proceed blessing and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not to be so. Does a spring send forth fresh water and bitter from the same opening?” (James 3:9-11) 2. Heavenly Verses Demonic Wisdom: “Who is wise and understanding among you? Let him show by good conduct that his works are done in the meekness of wisdom” (James 3:13) “But if you have bitter envy and self-seeking in your hearts, do not…

26. The Epistle of St. James boast and lie against the truth. This wisdom does not descend from above, but is earthly, sensual, demonic” (James 3:14-15) “But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, willing to yield, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality and without hypocrisy” (James 3:17) IV. Befriend God Through Humility: (Ch. 4) 1. What Could Make One an Enemy of God? “Where do wars and fights come from among you? Do they not come from your desires for pleasure that war in your members?” (James 4:1)

27. The Epistle of St. James “Yet you do not have because you do not ask. You ask and do not receive, because you ask amiss, that you may spend it on your pleasures” (James 4:2-3) “Adulterers and adulteresses! Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God” (James 4:4) “But He gives more grace. Therefore He says: God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble” (James 4:6) 2. How to Draw Near to God? “Therefore submit to God. Resist the devil and he will flee from you” (James 4:7)

28. The Epistle of St. James “Draw near to God and He will draw near to you” (James 4:8) “Do not speak evil of one another, brethren. He who speaks evil of a brother and judges his brother, speaks evil of the law and judges the law. But if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law but a judge” (James 4:11) “There is one Lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy. Who are you to judge another? (James 4:12) “Whereas you do not know what will happen tomorrow. For what is your life? It is even a vapor that appears for a little time and then vanishes away” (James 4:14)

29. The Epistle of St. James “Instead you ought to say: If the Lord wills, we shall live and do this or that” (James 4:15) “Therefore, to him who knows to do good and does not do it, to him it is sin” (James 4:17) V. Patience and Perseverance: (Ch. 5) “Therefore be patient, brethren, until the coming of the Lord” (James 5:7) “See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit of the earth, waiting patiently for it until it receives the early and latter rain. You also be patient. Establish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is at hand” (James 5:7-8)

30. The Epistle of St. James “Behold, the Judge is standing at the door!” (James 5:9) “My brethren, take the prophets, who spoke in the name of the Lord, as an example of suffering and patience” (James 5:10) “Indeed we count them blessed who endure” (James 5:11) VI. The Blessing of Prayer: (Ch. 5) “Is anyone among you suffering? Let him pray. Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing psalms” (James 5:13)

31. The Epistle of St. James “Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven” (James 5:14-15) “Confess your trespasses to one another, and pray for one another, that you may be healed” (James 5:16) “The effective, fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much” (James 5:17) “Elijah was a man with a nature like ours, and he prayed earnestly that it would not rain; and it did not rain on the land for three years and six months. And he prayed again, and the heaven gave rain, and the earth…

32. The Epistle of St. James produced its fruit” (James 5:17-18) VII. Bring Back the Erring One: (Ch. 5) “Brethren, if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone turns him back, let him know that he who turns a sinner from the error of his way will save a soul from death and cover a multitude of sins” (James 5:19-20)