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Comparing Caragata and Quintero-Ramirez

Comparing Caragata and Quintero-Ramirez. Canadian vs. Mexican Women. Feminization of Labour (Canada) & Feminization of Poverty (Mexico) Caragata (2003): gendered and differential benefits; labour force changes; marginalization; retrenching welfare state; commodification of social roles.

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Comparing Caragata and Quintero-Ramirez

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  1. Comparing Caragata and Quintero-Ramirez Canadian vs. Mexican Women

  2. Feminization of Labour(Canada) & Feminization of Poverty (Mexico) • Caragata(2003): gendered and differential benefits; labour force changes; marginalization; retrenching welfare state; commodification of social roles. • Quintero-Ramirez (2002): capital mobility; flexible work & vulnerable for firing; feminization of poverty

  3. Caragata: Concepts and themes • Globalization’s influences on economy • Low wages and high unemployment are paralyzing the global economy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Gad5RmCeKI 13.09 min • Impact: costs/benefits • Women, racialization, class inequality • Canadian society: Welfare state, social welfare of W. Europe, social citizenship and public sphere

  4. Quintero-Ramirez: Concepts and themes • NDL: capital mobility • Export processing zones (EPZ) in Mexico • Deindustrialization in Core countries • Precarious industrialization in DW

  5. Caragata: P I: Theoretical issues: • Globalization led to neo-conservatism • Marginalization of women and the disadvantaged • Privileged vs. racializedand immigrants • Neoliberalism and cut back on social programmes • Austerity in budget vs. public need • Market rules - The State is reduced • Income disparity and economic marginalization of groups

  6. Caragata: Substantive issues: • Women’s work under trade agreements: FTA & NAFTA • Economic crisis in some industries (such as textiles and clothing) • Historical conditions (e.g. migrant work in the manufacturing industry) • Effects of NAFTA on migrant women workers in Canada.

  7. Caragata: • Massive changes in Labour force after FT agreements (1980s on) • High % of workers in low-paid jobs • Double the percentage of Women cf. to Men • 20% Increase in Part-time or temp jobs in the 1990s (3wmn to 1 man) • Women: Involuntary Part-time; shift work; multiple jobs, on call work • 1997: 20% women workers full-time/year jobs with $30,000/yr • Poverty line in 1997 was C$ 28,175 • Walmarthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJIUc7w5aYE 10min • Wal-Mart :The High Cost of Low Prices (Part 4 of 11)

  8. Caragata: Labour force restructuring continued: • Most women PT workers were below poverty line • Telework as deskilling-strip away elements of jobs that can be digitized for Productivity gains • Narrowly specialized and become less relevant for any other skilled job • Women carry greater burden of work at home and home-based production • Women doing shadowork: bill paying, house work, child care- essential work that supports the continuation of the wage labour for production to go on. • Instead of such issues being in the public for examination and redress, it has become a woman’s responsibility and hidden away in the private household.

  9. Caragata: • Gendered, racialized and class reinforcing economic patterns • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mKZ7PBfCXA 3.36 min Shit Canadians say to Aboriginal Women • Immigrant women among workers • Impact on the women and families • Limiting of family allowance with child tax benefits • Unemployment insurance program limited entitlements and benefits • Unemployed without EI nearly doubles in 5 yrs (1989-94) • Impact on the public sphere: hospital get limited funding • Decline of families in middle class range of earnings

  10. Quintero-Ramirez • Mexico: maquiladora - high economic importance and value of maquiladoras in Mexican manufacturing • But, poor treatment of women workers as commodities in the labour part of the value chain

  11. Quintero-Ramirez • Trade Agreements: FTA (1989) NAFTA (1994) • Globalization And Women: More acute capitalistic competitiveness among the 3 countries • Capital mobility to find cheap labour costs for different stages of production ( value chains)- out sourcing and offshoring of parts manufacturing

  12. Reorganization of production • EPZs in DW • Deregulation of workplace- multitasking , flex-working hours • Service industries – easy to reorganize and use more women • precarious work • Natural talent of women – surplus labour • MNCs use Fexiblelabour – part-time and temp workers • Feminization of the work force – increase of women’s participation

  13. Quintero-Ramirez • Canada: 1970s and 80s: Financial stabilization and IMF structural adjustment policies • Conservatives in power: Cut down old age security, family allowance, and unemployment insurance • Since 1986, Cutbacks in federal transfers to the provinces for postsecondary education and health care begun in 1986 were accelerated • Global recession, high interest rates and inflation led to bankruptcies

  14. Quintero-Ramirez • FTA: manufacturing ( half a mil) jobs lost in Canada • Hierarchical & centrally controlled manufacturers and retailers due to restructuring of industrial production – name-brands- led to subcontracting to domestic Canadian producers • 1989-1991: 23% in garment industries – most working women affected – most immigrants in such low paid or temp jobs • Domestic industries lost to MNCs • Downsizing led to loss of union jobs & unions dwindled in strength and number • Most women lost their precarious jobs permanently or their wages declined • Less full-time workers

  15. Quintero-Ramirez • Growth of industries – Maquiladoras – Govt pushed for strong economic growth – not for workers • 1980s: Import Substitution Industrialization policies • !986: FTA- Export Oriented Production policies – domestic industries had low success • Border Industrialization emerged stronger – Tax-free • Textile maquiladoras were strong in mid and south of Mexico due to low wages – but moved away to Central America where wages became cheaper • Tijuana: City of Work & Maquiladoras (Part 1) 2010 7.31 min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA9BLyplhJw • Tijuana: City of Work & Maquiladoras (Part 2 of 2) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3AXMs0DUZc 5.33 min • Maquiladora Photo Essay 2007 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sqkle7w8uTw 8.37 min

  16. Quintero-Ramirez • 1970s: women Maquiladora workers about 100% • 1991: 60% • In 2000: 55.2 % unskilled in the maquiladoras were women • Men accepted low wage work • Informal discrimination against women in more advanced manufacturing

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