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Biology 129 Human Biology

Biology 129 Human Biology. Richard R. Almon Ph.D Professor Departments of Biological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences and The NY State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences http://www.biologicalsciences.buffalo.edu/

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Biology 129 Human Biology

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  1. Biology 129Human Biology Richard R. Almon Ph.D Professor Departments of Biological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences and The NY State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences http://www.biologicalsciences.buffalo.edu/ http://www.biology.buffalo.edu/courses/bio129/Bio129_2008/index.html

  2. Chapter 1: Overview You are living because…. You die because…..

  3. Potential Energy • Car at top of hill • Shaken oil and vinegar salad dressing • Fire wood

  4. Molecules are made of Atoms O=O Oxygen molecule Fatty acid glucose DNA

  5. Coupling reactions • Favorable: releases energy more disorder • Unfavorable: requires input of energy more order

  6. Molecules and atoms: the building blocks of life • Two sources of materials • Imports: Salts (atoms), small molecules (sugars, amino acids, small fats, nucleotides, vitamins, water) • Made by the body (molecules): some sugars, some amino acids, some fats, nucleotides, vitamins, plus big complex proteins (connected amino acids), carbohydrates (connected sugars), nucleic acids (connected nucleotides), lots of different fats

  7. Oil and water two different environments An environment of electrical charge An environment of no charge

  8. Compartments • Fighting the drive towards equilibrium is life • Equilibrium is dead

  9. New life • Sharing around genetic material • Reproduction • They don’t have to go together

  10. Single cell forms of life • Life span = the life span of a single cell • Rapid generation times • Rapid evolution (eg antibiotic resistance)

  11. multicellular organisms • Specialization of cells • Increased complexity • Life span is no longer the life span of a cell

  12. A society of Cells A society is a grouping of individuals characterized by patterns of relationships between these individuals Wikipedia

  13. Cells: Specialized individuals in the society • There exist types of specialized groups of cells: liver, heart, lung, muscle, kidney, skin etc. • These groups carry out duties necessary to the functioning of the society…the body • There are common things all cells must do to carry out their role in society • There are special things that cells do to accomplish their special duties in the society

  14. Communications • Each type of cell in the society has a specialized function that makes the community work. • A society works only because the specialized individuals talk to each other. • Specialized cells talk to each other with chemical signals. • The primary purpose of all of this talking is to keep you alive.

  15. You started as one cell • Genetics • The directions for how and when to make particular proteins • Proteins: Very large molecules made up of smaller molecules called amino acids • Proteins are the ability of a cell to do something • No cell can make (express) all proteins: The difference between different types of cells is the proteins they can make.

  16. Stem cells

  17. Nature/Nurture • Genetics is potential (Nature) • Environment acts on this potential (Nurture) • Epigenetics and development (Fetal programming)

  18. Variations on a theme Variations Different populations An individual is not constant The response to change

  19. Keeping you alive • Maintaining the quality of the water environment of the body, the blood • Each specialized group of cells lives in a unique water environment extracted from the blood • Some groups of specialized cells are more important than others

  20. Keeping you alive Bringing in enough “low energy” molecules: carbohydrates (sugar), lipids (fat) and proteins (amino acids) to generate enough “high energy” molecules = ATP which requires bringing in enough oxygen Getting rid of the waste produced by this process

  21. The Central Nervous System: who you areThe most importantgroup of specialized cells Brain Spinal cord

  22. The Brain: The priority • The Brain controls everything • The Brain is at the center of all protective mechanisms • The Brain is composed of nerve cells and helper cells • Nerve cells are never replaced • The Brain is most vulnerable to damage

  23. Controlling the Body • The Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) controls the body • Information in, information out • What is information?

  24. Information • Information in: everything is information to the brain eg. • Amount of sugar in the blood • The temperature of the blood • Blood pressure Information Out: Patterns of chemical Messages: Neurotransmitters and hormones

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