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Deep Ocean Zones

Deep Ocean Zones. Earth’s Water. 75% - 78% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. Oceans. Contains the largest amount of biomass Oceans vary in light, pressure, temperature and nutrients. lack of sediments in the water is a key factor for marine species = light. Open Ocean Zones.

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Deep Ocean Zones

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  1. Deep Ocean Zones

  2. Earth’s Water • 75% - 78% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water.

  3. Oceans • Contains the largest amount of biomass • Oceans vary in light, pressure, temperature and nutrients. • lack of sediments in the water is a key factor for marine species = light

  4. Open Ocean Zones Euphotic/Epipelagic Zone - surface waters • Nutrient-rich water • Producers • “Neritic” on continental shelf • “Oceanic” in open ocean Aphotic/ Pelagic Zone - no light (below 650 feet) 650 ft. – 3300 ft. = mesopelagic 3300 ft. – 13,000 ft. = bathypelagic 13,000 ft. – sea floor = abyssopelagic Sea floor – Trenches = hadalpelagic Benthic Zone - sea floor • Sessile organisms (attached to sea floor)

  5. The Open Ocean Photic Zone • The open ocean typically has low nutrient levels and supports only the smallest species of phytoplankton (Neuston). • Still, because of its enormous area, most photosynthesis on Earth occurs in the sunlit top 200 meters of the open ocean.

  6. Epipelagic – Open Ocean • fauna include many species of fish and some mammals, such as whales and dolphins • many feed on the abundant plankton

  7. The Open Ocean Aphotic Zone • The permanently dark aphotic zone includes the deepest parts of the ocean.

  8. Mesopelagic (disphotic) Zone • "twilight zone" of the ocean • photic zone above • darkness below • food becomes scarce – some animals • migrate up to the surface at night to feed • rely on food that falls down from above • eat each other • sometimes the only things to eat may be bigger than the hunter • developed long sharp teeth, • expandable jaws and stomachs

  9. ctenophore – related to jellyfish cilia can be illuminated Big Scale - ambush predator Firefly squid three kinds of photophores Hatchet Fish only a few inches long Viperfish specially adapted hinged skull Dragonfish - stomachs hold big meals Siphonophores are colonies of animals related to jellyfish best known is Portugese Man of War Snipeel up to 1.2m

  10. Bathypelagic (aphotic) Zone • extends down from 1000 to 4000m • only light is from bioluminescent organisms • only food is what trickles down from above, or from eating other animals • water pressure at this depth is considerable (~100 – 400 atmospheres) • most animals are either black or red in color

  11. Narcomedusa Vampire Squid Snake Dragon Angler Fish Amphi - crustacean Ctenophore – voracious predator Deepstaria very slow swimmers, no tentacles, close flexible bells (up to a meter across) around their prey Big Red grows to over a meter across

  12. Abyssopelagic Zone - the Abyss • 4000m to the sea floor • only zone deeper than this is the hadalpelagic zone • areas found in deep sea trenches and canyons • home to pretty inhospitable living conditions • near- freezing temperatures • crushing pressures

  13. Deep Water Squid Basketstar Sea Pig Sea Spider Shrimp Deep Sea Smoker - 648°F Medussa Winged Sea Cucumber Deep-sea Anemone Hydrothermal Vent

  14. Benthic Zone • Bottom Dwellers • Anchor to one spot: barnacles, oysters • Burrow in mud or sand: worms • Walk on bottom: Lobsters, crabs • Habitats: • Intertidal zones, rocky shores, tide pools • Muddy Sandy communities • Deep ocean/ coral reefs • Hydrothermal vent areas • archaebacteria

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