World Leaders

1. World Leaders Saugerties Central School District

2. Introduction This presentation highlights people who have had a great impact on the history of the twentieth century. Their actions have affected the lives of millions of people through the world.

3. Table of Contents • Adolf Hilter • Mao Zedong • Joseph Stalin • Mohandas Gandhi • Nelson Mandela

4. Adolph Hitler and Germany

5. Adolph Hitler • Adolph Hitler rose to power after World War I. The Treaty of Versailles (which ended WWI) was harsh on Germany, • Germany were forced to pay $33 billion in reparations(war damages). • The Germans had to give up their military. • Many people were out of work and the country was having an inflation (high prices and few goods)

6. He was a totalitarianruler : a dictator who controlled every part of the citizen’s lives • All political parties except the Nazi Party were against the law • All magazines, newspapers and books had to be approved by the government • The Gestapo (secret police) made sure no one expressed ideas against Hitler or his government • Progaganda ( the spread of one point of view) was widely used to spread the Nazi philosophy

7. Adolph Hitler • Hitler blamed all of Germany’s problems on the Jews. They became scapegoats ( the ones who were blamed). • Hitler started his policy of anti-Semitism (hostility against Jews) • The Jew lost their businesses,they were told where they could work and who they could marry • All Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothes so they could be identified. Star of David

8. Hitler and the Holocaust • The Holocaust is the name given to the Nazi attempt to wipe out the Jews. He managed to kill 2 /3 of all European Jews as well as 6 million Gypsies, Slavs, political prisoners and the old and mentally retarded in concentration camps. Gypsy couple in Belzec concentration camp

9. World War II Hitler used blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) to take over Poland, Denmark,Holland, Belgium and France. He controlled most of Western Europe by 1940. Britain was the only holdout. Germany joined up with Italy and Japan to become The Axis Powers. The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union were joined as The Allied Powers World War II ended because of the American victory in the Pacific and the Soviet’s great manpower in Europe. Hitler committed suicide in 1945.

10. Mao Zedong and China

11. MAO ZEDONG Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) adapted Marx’s ideas of Communism (a system where the government controlled land and means of production) and implemented them in China. The Communists and Nationalist government (led by Chiang Kai-Shek) had been fighting each other for years.

12. Mao and The Long March In 1927 Mao and his Communist were defeated by Chiang Kai-shek. They traveled 6,000 miles to northwestern China and studied communism. The movement gained strength and a great deal of support from the peasants who were promised land.

13. Mao Zedong • The Communists were aided with weapons and materials from the Soviet Union and by 1949 Mao controlled mainland China. • The new government became known as “The People’s Republic of China”

14. Mao Zedong “The Quotations of Chairman Mao” ( Mao’s Little Red Book) was a collection of his sayings. Communist party members and students were expected to memorize quotes from the book. Many pictures and statues of Mao appeared throughout China • Mao continue to rule China from 1949 until his death from Parkinson’s Disease in 1976.

15. Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union

16. Joseph Stalin • Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Communist Soviet Union from 1924 – 1953. • He was a totalitarianleader.He controlled every part of the Soviet citizen’s lives. People who opposed his ideas were often killed or shipped to work in labor camps in Siberia.7 million people disappeared during his rule.

17. Stalin • Stalin knew the Soviet Union was a 100 years behind the developed nations . He put into effect a number of Five YearPlans to modernize the Soviet Union. • He set up a command economy ( the government owned and controlled all business and means of production). • He ruled the Soviet Union for over twenty years and died of a stroke in 1953.

18. Joseph Stalin • Stalin first stressed developing power plants, dams, iron and steel mills. • He also took all private land and formed collective farms. The farms were ownedand run by the government Soviet government photo

19. Mohandas Gandhi and India

20. Mohandas Gandhi • Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of the independence movement in India. He worked with the Indian National Congress for over 30 years to gain India’s independence from Great Britain. • Gandhi followed a philosophy of passive resistance. Passive resistancewas a non-violent method of protesting for political and social changes.

21. Mohandas Gandhi • Gandhi led boycotts (a refusal to conduct business), protests and work stoppages against the British. • One of the protests Gandhi led was to have people refuse to buy British clothing. He asked them to follow his example and wear only cotton and simple clothes made in India. Gandhi at the spinning wheel

22. Gandhi and the Salt March Another boycott was the Salt March in 1930. Salt was needed by everyone but the British were the only ones who were supposed to make or sell it. Gandhi and some followers marched 250 miles to the sea. He urged people to make their own salt. The British jailed over 60,000 people (including Gandhi) in the following weeks for this act of civildisobedience (a refusal to obey government laws ). Gandhi and followers marching to the sea.

23. After World War II Britain gave India its independence. Gandhi’s hoped for a unified nation but violence between India’s Hindus and Muslims escalated. Two new countries were created, India with its Hindu majority and Pakistan with the Muslim majority. • Strong religious differences continue today with the Sikh religion seeking independence in the Punjab State • Gandhi was killed by a Hindu fanatic who objected to Gandhi’s effort to keep peace between Hindus and Muslims Gandhi with Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister

24. Nelson Mandela and South Africa

25. Nelson Mandela • Nelson Mandela was a leader of the African National Congress (ANC).He was jailed as a political prisoner and spent 26 years behind prison walls and became a world wide symbol for the fight to end apartheid.

26. Apartheid was the policy of segregation practiced in South Africa. All South Africans were classified as white, black (African) or colored (mixed descent and Indians and Asians). The white minority was in control of the government,had 85% of the land and 75% of the national income Apartheid denied blacks civil and political rights. They were not allowed to vote or live in areas where whites lived. At the age of 16 every black was given papers.These papers had a picture, fingerprints and told if the person was allowed in non- black areas.

27. Bishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa brought world wide attention to this system and called for a non-violent solution to the problem. Unfortunately, many of the protests were violent, over 1500 people were killed. • The system of apartheid was brought to an end through economic sanctions. (Foreign countries, including the U.S. stopped trading and investing in South Africa).

28. Nelson Mandela In 1989 FW DeKlerk was elected president of South Africa. He repealed (recalled) many discriminatory laws. • He integrated schools and worked on suffrage ( the right to vote) for blacks. In 1990 he released Nelson Mandela from jail • In 1993 Nelson Mandela and FW De Klerk received the Nobel Peace Prize for their role in working together to bring about a new system of government to South Africa

29. There was a historic election in 1994. It was the first national election that allowed all races to vote. Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994. June 1999 the 2nd election where all South Africans could vote