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IMPERIALISM in ME and India

IMPERIALISM in ME and India. EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD. BACKGROUND: In 1500s, 3 great Muslim empires ruled: Mughals in India, Ottomans in Middle East, Safavids in Iran, all declining by 1700s Napoleon attacks Egypt 1798. BY 1830S.

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IMPERIALISM in ME and India

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  1. IMPERIALISM in ME and India

  2. EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD • BACKGROUND: • In 1500s, 3 great Muslim empires ruled: Mughals in India, Ottomans in Middle East, Safavids in Iran, all declining by 1700s • Napoleon attacks Egypt 1798

  3. BY 1830S • European powers try to gain Econ. Control in region • Ottoman Empire becomes a pawn in balance of power struggles between European nations • France – Algeria • Russia – Turkish Straits (Dardanelles & Bosporus)

  4. TURKISH STRAITS

  5. EGYPT • 1869 – Suez Canal completed by French • 1875 – British gain control of Suez Canal in Egypt (access to India) • 1882 – Egypt becomes British protectorate

  6. SUEZ CANAL FROM OUTER SPACE

  7. THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES • 1890s – WWI periodic waves of violence against Christian Armenians by Turkish Muslims • Muslim Turks believed that the Armenians supported Russia and were plotting against the Ottoman Empire • When Armenians protested the oppressive Ottoman policies, they were massacred • GENOCIDE – over 1 million killed

  8. 20th CENTURY • 1900 – Oil discovered in Iran, Russian, British, and Iranian nationalists all set out to control oil fields • 1912 Italy – Libya • Post WWI – Europeans gain more spheres of influence in region (Ottoman Empire on losing side)

  9. THE BRITISH TAKE INDIA • BACKGROUND: In early 1600s, the British East India Company built trading bases in India • By 1756, the British used its bases to force all rivals out, especially the French • By mid 1800s, Britain controls 3/5 of India • British use a policy of “divide and conquer” to take over

  10. THE BRIGHTEST JEWEL IN THE BRITISH CROWN • As Mughal power declined, British played off of the diversity (many languages and customs) and rivalries of princes to gain control, also had superior weapons • 1857 Sepoy Rebellion – armed Indian soldiers (sepoys) helped to protect British holdings, revolted when Brit. violated their religious beliefs • Bloody revolt until British crush rebellion and make India a colony in 1858 taking it from the British East India Co. ----”Brightest Jewel in British Crown”

  11. SEPOY REBELLION

  12. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA • POSITIVES: • New roads and RR link ports of India • Telegraph and postal systems unite people • Irrigation systems improve farming • New laws bring justice to all classes • British schools offer education • Customs that threaten human rights ended, (sati, slavery, caste)

  13. EFFECTS CONT. • NEGATIVES • Indian resources go to British • British made goods replace local goods • Farms grew cash crops rather than food crops, famine results for many Indians • Top jobs go to British • Indians treated as inferiors • British try to replace Indian culture with western ways

  14. RESISTANCE • 1885 Indian National Congress formed, many upper class Indians had gone to school in Britain, learned about democracy • Early 1900s, self-rule demanded, but Muslims and Hindus divided and Muslim League formed in 1906

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