Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Xavier Pasco - FRS

1. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Xavier Pasco - FRS As adapted fromthe study of Suitable Governance and Data Policy Models for a European Space Situational Awareness (SSA) System FRS Sapienza- Eutelsat -IAI- VBL Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

2. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Study consisting in 3 parts I - What are the generic requirements? II - What models for an efficient governance and data policy? Exploring existing models within and outside of the space domain III - Findings and recommendations Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

3. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA I – Generic requirements for SSA: As based on the User group requirements list as well as on meetings/interviews Translated into a « matrix-based » approach considering the: Services Data structure Functions to be performed Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

4. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

5. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Two main inputs to be considered for this triangular relationship A/ The security of the flow of data and information is a critical issue at all levels: National assets with possible military security attached security Credible inputs and exchanges in terms of international security (constructive autonomy) Business-related confidentiality Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

6. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA B/ SSA as a dynamic process implying real-time management of data What types of information flows, what priority (requests, users) management ? Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

7. Generic requirements based on user profiles and data types requested Generic requirements suggest a logical organisation of the information flow Xavier Pasco – FRS -

8. Space Weather case: Combined imperatives for SSA: Communication : Allow further scientific and user communities exchanges Reliability : Ensure rigorous scientific dissemination (Raw data  Usable data ; calibration issues, etc) Security : Ensure protection of sources when needed/required (e.g. on-board sensors information associated with civilian/military operator sources) Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA • Data Acquisition issues (access to multiple sources/on-board sensors) • Data Processing issues (Status of modelling combining multiple raw data sources : reliablity, possible sensitiveness) • Data Dissemination issues (Enlarged communication vs protection; ensure protection of sensitive information across the board - satellite history for some contributing operators, sensitive meta-data, etc.; issue of Space Weather forecast ?) 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 8 5th ESWW - Brussels

9. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA II – What Governance and Data Policy models for SSA ? Main features considered: Structure of governance Structure of info sharing (national and international levels) Context similarities Levels of sensitivity Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

10. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA The study has investigated into Space-related models Some interesting models for SSA such as Eumetsat, EUSC, others (info structure and data policy regulations) But with possible limitations wrt SSA: Diversity of SSA services (objects & environment monitoring) SSA data collection very specific when compared with geographical zones imagery (Technical/legal issues) No comparable private service provider Specific data requests in the different considered services Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

11. Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Into Non Space-related models : Existence of similar challenges regarding the permanence and cataloguing capabilities of dynamic objects Existence of similar challenges regarding military to military - military to civilian - public to private relationships Notably WMO Air Traffic Control Maritime surveillance regimes Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

12. III -Findings and recommendations: what way forward for SSA ? Study draws from existing regimes and mechanisms underway to be applied (for example in the maritime surveillance domain) From a governance and data policy point of view, two categories of services can be considered: Space Objects surveillance Space Environment monitoring Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 12 5th ESWW - Brussels

13. Preliminary approach of SSA governance and data policy “Space Objects surveillance” service category is the most constraining in terms of generic requirements But “space environment monitoring” has its own specificities that must be taken into account Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 13 5th ESWW - Brussels

14. SSA proposed Governance-related scheme: One European inter-governmental structure based on: A European supervisory/certification authority A European SSA managing structure Contributing national assets (sometimes military) Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA • Possibly composed by MS, • EC and Presidency of the EU • Board of Directors of the European • SSA managing structure • Acts as SSA “security committee” • Such a structure would not own the European SSA System nor • would it operate any technical facility • It would act as its overall managing organisation (« harmoniser and federator ») • It would operate the front desk • It would manage interfaces with the participating states and • with European SSA facilities 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 14 5th ESWW - Brussels

15. SSA proposed Governance-related scheme (summary): Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA European SSA Supervisory Authority European SSA Managing Organisation European Space Objects Surveillance Mission Space Environment Monitoring Mission Space Objects Surveillance Facility 1 Space Objects Surveillance Facility 2 Space Objects Surveillance Facility 3 Space Environment sensors NEOs Detection and tracking 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 15 5th ESWW - Brussels

16. SSA Data Policy principles: DP regulated by SSA supervisory authority (intra and extra SSA exchanges - Treaties, MOUs, etc.- , data and information quality/certification, legal issues associated with MS responsibilities and business relationships) SSA managing organisation acting as a front desk for day-to-day management, filtering and processing of requests “Space objects surveillance” category of services considered as Data policy driver (associated security issues, reactivity required, priority management) but taking into account space environment monitoring specificities Introducing the key concept of two-stage Data and Information Dissemination Plans Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 16 5th ESWW - Brussels

17. Open Web Access National Request 1 4 European Data And Information Dissemination Plan Data Acquisition and Processing 1 2 2 European SSA Request • Answer • Consolidation • Data acquisition • Data processing • status Common Data And Information Dissemination Plan 3 Answer Consolidation 3 • Key elements: • National answer consolidation based on • Common Data and Information Dissemination Plan • (user profile, data types) • European answer consolidation based on • European Data and Information Dissemination Plan • (Integration of CDIDP, user profiles, data types) for • international exchanges Answer Distribution 4 3 • Answer • Consolidation • Data acquisition • Data processing • status 2 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 17 5th ESWW - Brussels

18. “Space Environment Monitoring” associated services: “Space environment monitoring” services seen not as constraining as “space object surveillance” but would have to comply to the general scheme presented above (implementation of security/confidentiality rules regarding space objects and users of information, reactivity required) Regarding Space Weather related services, active operators have to be identified and current procedures analysed (taking into account the particular role of WMO) Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA Particular attention devoted to rapid information-sharing mechanisms 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

19. Summary of identified critical issues: SSA Governance: The governance structure must be able to apply sufficient level of control as authorized by a commonly agreed authority The governance structure must be able to adapt its functioning to the commercial practices to optimise the added-value brought to satellite operators in particular SSA Data policy SSA Data Policy must be fully consistent with strong national and international constraints primarily based on security requirements Commercial users may be offered the possibility to interact with SSA either directly or via a commercial service provider Space environment monitoring has to comply to SSA Data Policy (effects produced on commercial/EU/non EU satellites) Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels

20. Summary of findings and recommendations: Approaches for SSA Governance may consider a two-stage organisation (supervisory authority and managing structure) based either on an intergovernmental structure (on the model of Eumetsat for example) or on an ad-hoc EU body inspired by examples such as EMSA, the EEA or the EUSC A SSA “managing organisation” would play a role of harmoniser and federator of technical facilities contributed by “contracting States” by European organisations (e.g. ESA) and by other non EU actors. SSA would be modelled around two categories of services: Space objects surveillance Space Environment monitoring The corresponding Data Policy would involve a two-stage “Data and Information Dissemination Plan” including: Common Data and Information Dissemination Plans (authorizing national exchanges) European Data and Information Dissemination Plan (authorizing Extra European and non governmental exchanges) The corresponding Data Policy would allow involving private service provider when possible Considering the case of Space Weather for European SSA 07/09/2014 Xavier Pasco – FRS - 5th ESWW - Brussels