Civil War: Border States, North vs South, Soldiers, and Life at Home

1. Civil War Chapter 16

2. The Border States • Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri • Slavery was legal, but had few enslaved people • Ties with both North and South

3. Comparing North & South North South Advantages Great Military leaders Strong will to fight Desire to defend Goals Make itself an independent nation • Advantages • larger population • Better resources • Goals • Restore the Union

4. Confederate Strategies • Fight long enough to get support from England or France • Both countries depended on Southern cotton • Believed that the Northerners would soon tire of the war

5. Union Strategies • Had three main parts • 1) Blockade (close) Southern ports • This would keep them from getting fresh supplies and from being able to export their cotton to other countries • 2) Gain control of the Mississippi River • Thereby cutting the confederacy in two • Called the Anaconda Plan • 3) Capture the Confederate capital; Richmond, Virginia

6. Americans Against Americans Family against family

7. False Hopes • In search of excitement • Didn’t think it would last long • Hopes of an easy victory • Perhaps wanting to be a hero

8. Who were the Soldiers • Family, friends • People who felt loyalty to their faith or nation • Worried about being called a coward • Young farm boys who ran away and lied about their age • At first African Americans were not allowed but later were

9. The Life of a Soldier • Camp was boring and uncomfortable • Supplies ran short

10. The Reality of War • Soldiers suffered terribly during the war • New rifles resulted in terrible losses • Officers used older Napoleonic warfare tactics • Many deserted • 1 in every 11 Union • 1 in every 8 Confederate

11. First Battle of Bull Run • First major battle of the Civil War; July 21, 1861 • Northern Virginia near the river Bull Run • “Stonewall” Jackson rallied the Confederate forces to push back, sending the Union into a panic • Defeat shocked Northerners into the realization of a long costly war

12. War in the West • Union strategy #2 • Gain control of the Mississippi and its tributaries • Cutting off supplies • Allowing union ships and troops access

13. War of the Ironclads • March 8, 1862 Confederacy’s Ironclad ship Merrimack attacked Union ships off the coast of Virginia • March 9 Union’s Ironclad Monitor met with the Merrimack in battle • First time in history metal enforced ships battled • Neither side won

14. The Battle of Shiloh • Tennessee April 6-7, 1862 • Union won • Huge casualties on both sides • More than 23,000

15. New Orleans Falls • April 25, 1862 Union Victory • Captured New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi • Confederacy could no longer use the river to carry goods to sea

16. War in the East

17. Victories for the Confederacy • 1862 Confederacy won Seven Day’s Battle • Second Battle of Bull Run • Battle of Fredricksburg • Lee defeated a Union twice its size at Chancellorsville, May 1863

18. Invasion of the North • Lee invaded Maryland • Split his army into 4 partswith the hopes of confusing Gen. McClellan • Two Union soldiers found the plans, giving them the advantage

19. Battle of Antietam • September 17, 1862 • Near Sharpsburg, Maryland • Deadliest single day of battle • 6,000 killed 17,000 more wounded

20. The Debate • Lincoln Hated slavery but didn’t want war either • Douglas brought up foreign policy issue • Sympathized for economic reasons • Public opinion was strongly antislavery

21. Lincoln Decides • Constitution did not have the power to decide • September 22, 1862 issued Emancipation Proclamation • Freeing all enslaved people January 1, 1863

22. Effects of the Proclamation • Did not actually free a single enslaved person • Applied only to persons held by the Confederacy • Lincoln had no power to actually enforce the law • The Government declared slavery wrong • Slavery would be banned forever; if the Union won

23. Different way of Life Chapter 16 Section 3

24. Life at Home • About half of the 12 million school aged children did not go to school • Some schools closed because they were too close to the battle sites • Others were used as hospitals • Children worked to help support their families • Child labor laws 1938 • Fled their homes

25. Shortages in the South • South suffered greatest destruction • Homes and fields were in the paths of marching armies • Not just plantations, people who worked their own land as well • Thousands became refugees, dependent upon everyone for everything • “hairpin to toothpick…a cradle to a coffin”

26. New Roles for Women

27. New Roles • Kept farms and business running • Teachers • Clerks • Often made do with very little money

28. Treatment of Sick and Wounded • Dorothea Dix convinced official to allow women to serve & recruited nurses • Known for her compassionate care for soldiers regardless of what side they were on • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross • Sally Tompkins: “Angel of the Confederacy” • Commissioned as a Captain in the Confederate army • Hospital had the lowest death rate of any hospital

29. Mary Edwards Walker • First woman army surgeon • Captured by the Confederacy after crossing enemy lines to treat the wounded & arrested as a spy • Was a POW in Richmond Virginia until her release during a prisoner exchange • Served on the front lines as a surgeon in the first battle of Bull Run, Battle of Fredericksburg, & in Chattanooga • The first and ONLY woman to receive the Medal of Honor

30. Spies • Rose O’Neal Greenhow she was credited by Jefferson Davis with ensuring the South victory at the first Battle of Bull Run • Eventually caught and tried for treason • Belle Boyd of Front Royal, Virginia informed confederate Generals of Union movements • Harriet Tubman an important “conductor” for the underground railroad served as a spy & scout for the Union

31. Prison Camps and Field Hospitals

32. In the Hands of the Enemy • Exchanging prisoners meant they returned to the battlefield • Established prison camps • Allowed to keep blanket and cup

33. Andersonville- GA • Opened to hold 10,000 early 1864 by August had 33,000 • Men slept in holes dug into the ground • Received a teaspoon of salt, 3 tablespoons beans, & 8 oz cornmeal a day • Drank and cooked from water that also served as a sewer • Almost 13,000 Union soldiers died there mainly from disease

34. Elmira- New York • Confederate soldiers suffered through a winter without any blankets or warm clothes • Hospital was in a flooded basement that served as both a toilet and garbage dump • Almost one quarter of the prisoners died

35. Field Hospitals • Surgeons traveled with the troops and set up near the battle fields • Some regiments lost half their men to disease before ever going into battle • Crowded together combined with unsanitary conditions many became sick

36. Political and Economic Change

37. In the North • War Democrats criticized how the war was being run • Peace Democrats wanted the war to end immediately • Nicknamed copperheads because they were viewed as dangerous traitors

38. In the South • Food shortages • Bread Riots throughout the South

39. Draft Laws • Both sides had difficulty recruiting enough soldiers • Confederate Congress passed Draft law in 1862 • Served in the military during the war • In the North Union offered a Bounty to encourage volunteers • March 1863 also passed a draft law • A man could avoid the draft by paying a fee or hiring a substitute • July 1863 mobs rioted New York City turned on African Americans because they opposed Emancipation Proclamation • More than 100 people died

40. Economic Effects • Strained both sides • North was better able to deal • Both: sold war bonds, imposed new taxes, & printed money • Northern Money was called Greenbacks • Northern industries produced war supplies • Farms profited • Prices rose faster than wages ( general increase is inflation) • Inflation was far worse in the south

41. Southern Victories Section 4

42. Battle of Fredricksburg • General Robert E. Lee’s forces dug trenches and waited for the Union • General Ambrose Burnside resigned

43. Battle of Chancellorsville • Lee divided his troops into thirds taking one part and attacking General Joseph Hooker • Stonewall Jackson took another third and attacked from the rear; however he later dies from wounds

44. Weak Union Generals • General McClellan was reluctant to do battle • Burnside was defeated at Fredricksburg • Hooker was crushed at Chancellorsville • Resigned within two months

45. African Americans in the War

46. In the South • African Americans were never allowed to enlist in the Confederate army • Feared if they were armed they may revolt

47. In the North • Were not allowed at the start of the war • Lincoln feared that it may anger people in the boarder states • 1862 Union needed soldiers • Congress allowed all-black regiments • By the end African Americans made up 10% of the Union army

48. The 54th Massachusetts • Served in the front lines of battle to take Fort Wagner in South Carolina • Suffered nearly 300 casualties • Made famous for its courage

49. The Tide of War Turns

50. Battle of Gettysburg • Lee decided to invaded the North, hoping a victory there would convince Britain or France to help • July 1, 1863 Lee entered Gettysburg Pennsylvania with his troops in search of supplies • There forces met Union troops