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Ireland (and, the Irish) On Screen. Basic Numbers. 4.75M in the Republic, 1.8M in NI (Chicago + LA=6.7m) Republic Demographics: 82% White Irish, other white 9.5%, .7% travelers, 1.4% Black, 2% Asian, %4 other/unspecified 79% of population identifies as Catholic NI 99% White
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Basic Numbers • 4.75M in the Republic, 1.8M in NI (Chicago + LA=6.7m) • Republic Demographics: • 82% White Irish, other white 9.5%, .7% travelers, 1.4% Black, 2% Asian, %4 other/unspecified • 79% of population identifies as Catholic • NI • 99% White • 50/50 Protestant/Catholic
What is Irish Identity/Culture? • Gaelic and Catholic (although both have diminished) • Historically linked to Catholic Church • Older Irish or rural often linked to and identify as Catholic • Gaelic more commonly spoken on west coast/rural • Identity and culture the bi-product of history! • Let’s learn a bit about that history with a cartoon • And, another cartoon
About 78k speak Gaelic daily • Gaelic and Irish traditions were banned/outlawed over time by British as part of their colonization of Ireland; mostly in 1800s • Republic has 26 counties; NI has 6 • Republic has a parliamentary democracy • Taoiseach (tee-shaw) is Prime Minister Leo Varadkar, 38 years old, LGBTQ, and Indian • President is Micheal D. Higgins • A short bit on politics here
A bit of Irish History (that we see) • LOOOONG complicated history linked to British colonialism and exploitation • Easter Rising 1916, attack Dublin Castle and take over post office. Proclaim Irish a republic • British executed the rebels, seen in Michael Collins (1996) • Radicalized nationalists/rebels...IRA • War of Independence, 1919-1921 • 1922 Treaty; Irish Free State (oath of allegiance to GB)...Northern Ireland • Civil War ends in 1923, but have North and Republic
More History Bits • Has been geopolitically neutral (wars, etc.) • Emigration in 1840s and throughout history • 1950s, modernization and • The Troubles 1968-1998 • 1990s, globalization, European, economic growth • Celtic Tiger period, 1995-2005ish (immigration) • 2016, #Brexit
Reoccurring Historical/Cultural Bits • Ireland losing its identity? Becoming British? • Loyalists/Unionist (Protestants) • Irish Catholics v. Protestants • Rich v. Poor • Native v. Colonizer/Oppressor • Industrialization
Modern(ish) Ireland • The Story of Ireland: Age of Nations • The European Capitol of Terrorism: Belfast • Part 1 • Part 2 • Part 3 • Part 4
Assignment • Talk to your host families (parents + kids) and ask: • What are their favorite movies and why? • What are their favorite television shows and why? • What do they think about the portrayal of the Irish in Hollywood films and American media?
Factors of National Cinema • County that financed, market forces, gov. support • Film industry structure • Culture expressed in film: language, wardrobe/dress style, location, music, or other aspects of culture displayed • Usually represents a nation and its unique identity, esp. in the face of Hollywood • Does America have a national cinema? • Must ask...Irish cinema or cinema about Ireland? • Is Irish cinema autonomous or internationally made?
The Six Shooter (2004) • Dir. Martin McDonagh • Irish/British famous playwright • Wrote and directed the black comedies In Bruges (2008) and Seven Psychopaths (2012) (both starring Colin Farrell) • Executive producer The Guard (2011), written and directed by his brother, Jim McDonagh (most successful Irish independent film at Irish box office) • Starring Brendan Gleeson and Rúaidhrí Conroy • 2006 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film
Just some questions... • How do you think this is an Irish film? • Or....is it? • What does this say about being Irish? • How does it play with stereotypes of Irishness that maybe we’ve seen in the States?
Irish Cinema, a Primer • James Joyce, Volta Theatre in 1909 • Ireland currently has one of the highest per capita cinema attendance rates in world/Europe • Up until 1970s, most “Irish” films were not “Irish” (by Irish filmmakers or companies) • Portrayed as primitive, idyllic, bucolic, short-tempered drunks • Ardmore Studios opens in 1958 in Wicklow • Still open today, and we’re going there! • Braveheart
Primer, Cont’d • Censorship of Film Act, 1923: banned native filmmakers from portraying Ireland internationally (3K banned, 11K cut until the 1980s; after that they started age rating) • IFCO censored sex, violence, blasphemy, abortion, etc. (not just showing, but talking about) • Through “second wave,” a holy trinity of themes: Church, Rural Life, The Troubles • Themes: Irish history, gangsters, romantic comedies, masculinity, but usually dark themes • MANY Irish films are adaptations of books or plays, or books made into plays and then those plays into movies (rich literary/storytelling traditions)
A Lad from Old Ireland (1910) • Dir. Sidney Olcott (Irish American) • First film by US company filmed outside the US • Trying to reach US Irish immigrant population • Story about Irish immigrant/emigrant who goes home • Prod. Kalem Company • Shot nearly 15 films in Ireland in 2-3 years • Sought to build a studio in County Kerry • BLAZING THE TRAIL: The O'Kalems In Ireland
Irish Destiny (1926) • Silent, Irish-made film about the War of Independence (1919-1921) • Dir. Issac Eppel
The Quiet Man(1952) • Dir. John Ford (Irish American) • Produced by Republic Pictures (Viacom) • Starring John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara • Presents an idealized, stereotypical, apolitical Ireland • Shot in County Galway • Authentic setting; authentic?
“Oirish” • Stereotypes perpetuated in media (often American media) • Or stereotypes perpetuated in non-media • Or bad Irish accents by actors • What are some?
“First Wave” or “New Wave” • 1970s through 1980s (Film Act of 1970) • Dirs. Bob Quinn, Pat Murphy and Cathal Black • Exploring social conscious themes using avant garde techniques; countered Irish stereotypes, women's stories etc. • distinctly Irish themes, social issues, and national concerns • Un-Hollywood, unpolished, dark/controversial stories • 1981, IFB is founded to promote a national film industry and on-location shooting • Funds irish films (screenwriting, production, distribution) • Section 481; tax credit to shoot in Ireland and hire Irish crew/cast • IFB disbanded 1987-1993, but came back after Irish films/filmmakers had global, critical success in late 80s/early 90s
Poitín (1978) • Dir./Written by Bob Quinn • Produced by Cinegael, aired on RTE´ TV in 1979 • First feature film all in Gaelic • Counteracted and played on Irish/Ireland stereotypes set forth by foreign filmmakers (romantic, idyllic Ireland...) • Controversial in Ireland
“Second Wave” • Early 1990s through early 2000s • Themes were very “Irish” in terms of history, identity, stories, etc. • More films made in this era than previous 90 years • My Left Foot(1989, Dir. Jim Sheridan) • The Commitments (1991, Dir. Alan Parker) • The Crying Game (1992, Dir. Neil Jordan)
Michael Collins(1996) • Dir. Neil Jordan • Starring Liam Neeson, Stephen Rea, Julia Roberts • Prod. Geffen Films/Warner (10% IFB funding) • Biopic on revolutionary Michael Collins • About Easter Rising, Irish War of Independence, 1922 Treaty, Civil War • Scene shot on South Pier, Dún Laoghaire (1:17) • Shot around Dublin and Ireland; Kilmainham Gaol
Some History Bits • Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921 • Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921 signed; effective 1922 • Established Irish Free State (the southern 26 counties), dominion of UK (i.e. Canada/AUS) • Northern Ireland part of UK • Republic must have an oath of loyalty to the Crown • “The freedom to achieve freedom”~Mick Collins • Irish Civil War, 1922-1923 • Anti-Treaty IRA (republicans) v. Free State forces led by Collins
The Wind that Shakes the Barley (2006) • Dir. Ken Loach (British director, socialist themes) • Based on Walter Macken's The Scorching Wind (1964) • Starring Cillian Murphy and Pádraic Delaney • Palme d’Or winner at Cannes (2006) • Name comes from a song of the 1798 rebellion • Barley carried by marching rebels as rations
Wind Cont'd • Highest grossing independent Irish film until The Guard (2011) • €6.5 to make €22+ at box offices • Co-production Ireland (IFB), UK, France, Germany, Spain and Switzerland • Benefitted from IFB funding • Set in County Cork (The Rebel County) • Use many locals as talent • Also a scene in Kilmainham • Critiqued for portrayal of British state violence by, umm, the British (or, loyalists)
To think about... • How does Wind relate to some of the history we got in week 1 (Easter Rising, etc.)? • How do films about history become history? • The commodification of history...does it matter? Why? • How could this film be about social revolution rather than nationalist revolution? Changing a flag or the society? • Is the film about war....or? • How does the Anglo-Irish Treaty and guerilla warfare affect average citizens in rural Ireland? • How does this film depict class difference within Ireland? • How is this about British AND Irish behavior?
In the Name of the Father(1993) • Dir. Jim Sheridan • Starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Emma Thompson • Hell's Kitchen Films/Universal • Based on real story of Guildford Four • Irish who are wrongfully jailed in Great Britain • Patriarchy and loyalty to a father • Opening scenes shot in Dublin; mostly in Kilmainham Gaol
The Crying Game (1992) • Dir. Neil Jordan (wrote Oscar-winning screenplay) • Starring Stephen Rea and Forest Whitaker • Themes: nationality, gender, race, and sexuality • Set within The Troubles, not about The Troubles • Based on books that explore kidnapping “relationships” • Initially titles The Soldier's Wife...early 1980s • Co-production between Ireland and UK/Japan • Promoted by Miramax • Opening scenes shot in Laytown, County Meath (1 hour north of Dublin)
The Crying Game Cont'd • $3.6m to make, $68m at box office • Appealed to US market; familiarized audience with Irish/British politics • Part of a chain of films that had broader, Hollywood type appeal • One of the films that led the IFB reformation • Signaled a move to incorporating broader themes into Irish film (that is, beyond Irishness/Irish stories) • Initially bombed (no pun) in Ireland and UK, because of pro-IRA messages
“The movie that everyone’s talking about, but no one is giving away its secrets.” Miramax encouraged and marketed the secret
To Think About • How does this film explore human nature? • What is the subtext of Fergus and Jody's relationship? A metaphor for....? • What is the significance(s) of the Scorpion/Frog story? • What type of genres are explored in this film? How is this done successfully? • Does this film exploit a “trans gaze”? That is, does it challenge norms or reinforce them? • Who's perspective are we placed in: Dil or Fergus? • How is a “love triangle” explored here? What about “roles” or “masks”? How is identity explored as “performance”? • Does the presence of Irish acting talent make a film authentic?
Breakfast on Pluto (2006) • Dir. Neil Jordan • Adapted Patrick McCabe’s book (also adapted The Butcher Boy) • Cillian Murphy, Stephen Rea, Liam Neeson, Brendan Gleeson, Ruth Negga • Takes place in fictional Irish border town: Tyrellin • Focuses on how Kitten changes by example • Combines escapist fantasy with social realism • Fuses Irish identity, culture and history
To Think About • What types of “borders” are addressed here? • Border Knight: “Because the only border that matters is the one between what's in front and what you've left behind. When I ride my hog, you think I'm riding the road? No way, man. I'm traveling from the past into the future with a druid at my back.” • How does this show the clash between Irish modernization and conservatism? • How does Kitten’s quest and path towards identity reflect that of Ireland as a nation? • Is this film about transgender identity in Ireland or Irish identity broadly? Is there a metaphor in this??? • Does this film perpetuate a trans gaze like “The Crying Game”?
Celtic Tiger • 1995ish-2007ish • +9.4% (95-2000), +5.9% (until 2008) • Disposable income doubles (1996-2006) • Tax breaks for corporations, US investment, low wages, EU trade • Wealth inequality • Consumerism and Irish culture? • Emigration to immigration... • GDP +7.8% in ‘17, 5% in ‘16 (US 2.3% in ‘17)
Immigration • +53K in 2017, highest since 2008
Celtic Tiger Cinema • Dealing with more “global” themes, shift from the “holy trinity” of topics • Younger filmmakers, grew up after church censorship...Hollywood/Euro ties • Shows liberal, successful, and urban Ireland • Often rejecting establishing Irishness, less about not being British, uncritical acceptance of globalization and capitalism • Appeal to global (read: American) audiences
Once (2007) • Dir./Written John Carney (Dublin-based, Bachelors Walk, On the Edge, Sing Street) • Starring Glen Hansard (The Frames/ The Commitments) and Markéta Irglová perform as The Swell Season (after the film) • Filmed for $150k and 17-day shoot, no permits, improv, natural light, long lens, but $23m at box office • IFB funded, premiered at Galway Film Fleadh • 2008 Oscar for song “Falling Slowly”
Once Cont'd • Shot in and around Dublin (Grafton Street) • Intended to star Cillian Murphy • Adapted to musical by Enda Walsh (Disco Pigs) • Broadway 2012-2015; in Dublin 2016
To Think About • How is class expressed in this film? • Ethnicity? Express nuances of Celtic Tiger? • Explain why you think this film was a major success, esp. given what we've thematically seen in some Irish cinema? • How does this film show the value of and how to sell music (Irish music, that is)? • How does the lo-fi/non-actors/improv make the film authentic? (or, does it detract?)
Thinking Cont'd • Documentary realism in musical performance? • What about the long shot/lens? Why use it for the talent? • Narratively, what's the symbiosis with the music (musical narrative)? • The ending? What is the essence of their relationship? • How do the themes of equality and peripherality manifest? • Do you believe in their relationship?...you should!
Irish Music • Rich history of music tied Irish identity/culture and industry • Irish preserve this through trad music, even through anglicising • The Celtic harp • From medieval (1000AD) until early 1800s, revived in early 1900s...primacy on melody and stringed instruments • Irish Trad or folk music • Ballads, drinking songs, etc. and then dance music • Has influenced country and American folk music • Has been influenced by UK and American music from 60s on
Irish Music Industry • Contributes €703 million to Irish economy • 13k jobs • IMRO, performance rights organization (like ASCAP or BMI) • Major Irish artists: • Glen Hasnard/The Frames, Thin Lizzy, Enya, Van Morrison, The Cranberries, U2, Hozier, The Dubliners, The Pogues, Flogging Molly, The Script, Sinead O’Connor, Westlife
The Commitments (1991) • Dir. Allen Parker (a Brit) w/ mostly British crew • Fame, Evita, Angela's Ashes, and Pink Floyd: The Wall • Based on 1987 novel by Roddy Doyle (Irish) • Barrytown Trilogy: The Snapper, The Van • Film is co-written by Doyle and two Brits • Set in Northside Dublin: Working class Dubliners meet African American R&B singers/culture (implied meeting) • Cast Dublin musicians and buskers (non-actors) • Co-production: Ireland, UK, US • All songs/vocals recorded on set • Became a cult hit
On shooting in Dublin, Parker said... • "It was our intention at all times to avoid the picture postcard locales traditionally associated with Ireland and show a contemporary, urban world a little different from viridescent, romantic notions normally associated with films about Ireland."
To Think About • How is pre-Celtic Tiger era Irish identity expressed in relation to hierarchies of: • Race? Gender? Class? Age? • How do the gritty locations add to the story arc? • How is class articulated in this film? How is this different than Once? • How does the film deal w/ marginalization? • Did the song's recording/acting give the film authenticity? How is the film about musical authenticity?
To Think Cont’d • What does the film suggest about Dublin culture in the late 1980s? How does this depiction of Dublin subvert “Oirish” depictions? • How is, and isn’t, this an Irish film? • In general, what does it mean for Brits to be telling stories about Irish? Is this a form of colonization, still? • What significance is Jimmy Rabbitte’s comment that Irish are the blacks of Europe, Dubliners the blacks of Ireland, and northside Dubliners the blacks of Dublin?
Good Vibrations (2013) • Dirs. Lisa Barros D’Sa (Belfast) and Glenn Leyburn (NI): Cherrybomb • Written by Glenn Patterson (Belfast novelist) and Colin Carberry • Mostly NI cast • Biopic on Terri Hooley starring Richard Dormer • Shop closed 2015 • Alt. Narrative set against The Troubles • Galway Film Fleadh Audience Award • Music in film from the GV record label and other Northern Irish bands
To Think About • How is power of music and how it can bridge barriers shown? Esp. during hard times? • In what ways does the music inform the narrative? Compare to other films we’ve seen. • How does the film show an alternative story of NI/Belfast compared to the Vice doc we saw day 1? An “alternative Ulster”?
Thinking Cont’d • How does the violence of The Troubles interact with the main story? How does the archival footage help create a punk aesthetic? • How does the film's visual aesthetics (light, color, mis en scene) authentically re-create the 70s? • What elements of this film make it to appeal to people outside of Northern Ireland?