Biodiesel from Non-Traditional Feedstocks Rafael Hernandez and Todd French

1. Biodiesel from Non-Traditional Feedstocks Rafael Hernandez and Todd French Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering Mississippi State University

2. What is BioDiesel? • Bio-based displacement for petroleum that is produced by the abiotic chemical processing of animal fats and/or plant oils • BioDiesel is technically a fuel comprised of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids • Biodiesel generates lower carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, and particulates compared to petroleum diesel • Biodiesel offers a lubricity alternative for ultra low sulfur diesel

3. Biodiesel Production (gallons)

4. Production of Biodiesel Base or Acid Methanol Oil / Fat Transesterification Biodiesel 10:1 Production of Biodiesel : Glycerin (w/w) Biodiesel for use in Diesel Engines Glycerin Glycerin By-product

5. Biodiesel Feedstocks • Animal • Rendering • Process waste • Plant • Soybean • Rapeseed • Corn • Used Cooking Oil • Grease traps • Fryer waste • Microorganisms • Algae

6. Production of Biodiesel in the US • Total US BD usage is ~30 Mgal/yr • US uses ~40 Bgal/yr of Petro-Diesel • Total oleochemical production capacity • is ~500 Mgal/yr • Plant construction costs are $0.70 - $0.90/GAP • Most new BD plants produce ~ 10M/yr • Amenable to transportation fleet markets • (municipal and federal facilities) • Often sold as petro-BD blends (B20 = 20% BD • [volume/volume])

7. Evaluation of BioDiesel Production Costs Soybean Oil $1.85/gal feedstock cost $0.25/gal processing cost $0.20/gal transportation cost $0.10 “other” cost = $2.40/gal total cost Note: Feedstock represent ~75% of total processing costs

8. Biodiesel Market Development Lipid Source Production Biodiesel Production Lipid Extraction Biodiesel Research & Development at MSU DOE Biodiesel Project Plant Sciences Biochemistry Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Chemistry Plant Sciences Agricultural and Biological Engineering Chemical Engineering Food Sciences Chemical Engineering Agricultural Economics Mechanical Engineering

9. Cracking of Wastewater Treatment Solids: An Innovative Industrial Feedstock Sewage Plant Sludges have ~25% Lipids Literally Billions of Pounds Per Year Pose a Significant Disposal Challenge

10. Headworks Primary Sludge Influent blending Grit Removal Grit Dewatering & Thickening Forced Main Primary Clarification Influent Wastewater Biosolids Influent Biogas Primary Solids Dewatering Finished Effluent to Discharge Secondary Clarification Aeration Tank Effluent Thickened Waste Sludge Thickening Air Waste Sludge Recycled Biomass Solids Anaerobic Digestor

11. Key Components of Candidate Sludge Feedstocks • Primary Sludge • Settled raw sewerage • Food-based fats and oils • Some viable microbes • ~40% lipids in dry solids • Waste Sludge • Primarily aerobes • High % of cell materials • Few pathogens • Dry Solids = ~30% lipids • Biosolids • Primarily anaerobes • Very few pathogens • Dewatering polymers added • Dry Solids = ~25% lipids • ~15 – 30% (unique FAs)

12. Raw Lipids versus Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge

13. Chinese Tallow (Popcorn Tree) Sapium sebiferum

14. Potential Oil Seed Yields - - - Ref: Klass, Donald, Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals, Academic Press, 1998.

15. Chinese Tallow Distribution in USA Ref: http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=TRSE6

16. Glycerol Market 2004-2005 $0.65/lb 2004 $0.35/lb 2005 Reason is the Increase in Biodiesel Production Biological Conversion Ethanol MSU 1,3-propanediol Lactic acid New paradigm Oil conversion by oleaginous yeast What to do with all of this Glycerol?

17. Oil Production by Oleaginous Yeast Biodiesel + Glycerol Solids (yeast extract) Pretreatment of the feedstock Cultivation of the Yeast Cell Harvesting & Disruption Oil Separation Biodiesel Production

18. Envisioned Process: The New Biorefineries

19. QUESTIONS?