AIHA-LAP, LLC Webinar

1. 1 AIHA-LAP, LLC Webinar Measurement Uncertainty and Traceability Policies Review March 11, 2010

2. 2 Webinar Outline Introduction of Presenters/Moderators Ground Rules Background Basis of the new Policies Policy Review - Section by Section Discussion of guidance and examples What to Expect Beginning April 1 Questions and Answers

3. 3 Webinar Speakers Speakers: Cheryl Morton Ronald Peters Maureen Hamilton Moderators: Angela Oler Sage Morgante

4. 4 Ground Rules Phone lines will be muted Speakers will go through slides and pause occasionally to take some questions Questions should be typed in the chat box. Participants should identify themselves and type in �I have a question.� Speakers will open the lines and call on participants to ask questions. Please do not ask a question unless you are called on.

5. 5 Background AIHA-LAP, LLC evaluation for international recognition (APLAC/IAAC) MU and traceability changes needed so that we are more aligned with other accreditation bodies New policies to replace guidance along with guidance and examples Documents posted on web site Feb 18, 2010; Effective Date April 1, 2010

6. 6 What�s New? Follow links to the 2010 AIHA-LAP, LLC Policy Modules Appendix G Policy on the Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement (Rev. 0, effect. April 1, 2010)� Guidance on the Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement (Rev. 1, 2/17/10) Guidance on Statistical Analysis of EMLAP QC� (Rev. 1, 2/17/10)

7. 7 What�s New? Appendix H Policy on Traceability of� Measurement (Rev. 0, effect. April 1, 2010) Guidance on Traceability of Measurement (Rev. 1, 2/17/10)

8. 8 What�s New? Example Excel Workbooks: CALA Example Internal Calibration Workbook Example Chemistry Measurement Uncertainty Calculations Example Microbiology Measurement Uncertainty Calculations

9. 9 Important to Remember Policy Documents � Include Requirements Guidance Documents � Include guidance and recommendations � These are NOT Requirements but include acceptable approaches

10. 10 Policy on the Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement (MU Policy) 1. Scope 2. References 3. Terms and Definitions 4. Background 5. AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 6. Assessment for Accreditation 7. Guidance and Examples

11. 11 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance References ISO/IEC 17025:2005 - General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories Guide to the Uncertainty of Measurement (GUM) published by ISO, IEC, CIPM, BIPM, Eurachem, etc Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement, 2nd Edition, 2000, Eurachem/CITAC APLAC TC 005 (2006) Interpretation and Guidance on the Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement in Testing, Asia-Pacific Laboratory Cooperation ILAC Guide 17: Introducing the Concept of Uncertainty of Measurement in Testing in Association with the Application of the Standard ISO/IEC 17025. 2002, ILAC: Rhodes, NSW, Australia. CALA P19 � CALA Policy on the Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement in Environmental Testing.

12. 12 Basis of MU Policy REQUIREMENTS ISO/IEC 17025 Section 5.4.6.2 �Testing laboratories shall have and shall apply procedures for estimating uncertainty of measurement.� ISO/IEC 17025 Section 5.4.6.3 �When estimating the uncertainty of measurement, all uncertainty components which are of importance in the given situation shall be taken into account using appropriate methods of analysis.�

13. 13 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance Key Terms and Definitions uncertainty of measurement (VIM 2.26 JCGM 200:2008): non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used NOTE 1 Measurement uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated. NOTE 2 The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation called standard measurement uncertainty (or a specified multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated coverage probability.

14. 14 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance Key Terms and Definitions uncertainty of measurement (VIM 2.26 JCGM 200:2008): NOTE 3 Measurement uncertainty comprises, in general, many components. Some of these may be evaluated by Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty from the statistical distribution of the quantity values from series of measurements and can be characterized by standard deviations. The other components, which may be evaluated by Type B evaluation of measurement uncertainty, can also be characterized by standard deviations, evaluated from probability density functions based on experience or other information. NOTE 4 In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value attributed to the measurand. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.

15. 15 Basis of MU Policy REQUIREMENTS ISO/IEC 17025 Section 5.10.3.1 �In addition to the requirements listed in 5.10.2, test reports shall, where necessary for the interpretation of the test results, include the following: c) where applicable, a statement on the estimated uncertainty of measurement; information on uncertainty is needed in test reports when it is relevant to the validity or application of the test results, when a customer's instruction so requires, or when the uncertainty affects compliance to a specification limit;�

16. 16 5.0 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy The requirement which underlies this policy is given in ISO/IEC 17025, Clauses 5.4.6 and 5.10.3.1 c). Laboratories accredited under the AIHA-LAP, LLC Accreditation Program shall fulfil the following requirements with respect to the estimation of uncertainty of measurement for tests associated with their scope of accreditation:

17. 17 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.1 Laboratories shall be able to demonstrate their ability to estimate measurement uncertainty for all accredited quantitative test methods. In those cases where a rigorous estimation is not possible, the laboratory must make a reasonable attempt to estimate the uncertainty of test results. All approaches that provide a reasonable and valid estimation of uncertainty are equally acceptable.

18. 18 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.2 Laboratories shall make independent estimations of uncertainty for tests performed on samples with significantly different matrices. For example, estimations made for filter samples cannot be applied to bulk samples. 5.3 Estimations of measurement uncertainty are not needed where the reported test results are qualitative. Laboratories are, however, expected to have an understanding of the contributors to variability of test results. Examples of such tests are those that report only organism identifications or presence/absence.

19. 19 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.4 Laboratories shall have a written procedure describing the process used to estimate measurement uncertainty, including at a minimum: 5.4.1 Definition of the measurand.

20. 20 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance Key Terms and Definitions measurand (VIM 2.3 JCGM 200:2008): quantity intended to be measured NOTE The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. NOTE In chemistry, �analyte�, or the name of a substance or compound, are terms sometimes used for �measurand�. This usage is erroneous because these terms do not refer to quantities

21. 21 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.4 Laboratories shall have a written procedure describing the process used to estimate measurement uncertainty, including at a minimum: 5.4.1 Definition of the measurand. 5.4.2 Identification of the contributors to uncertainly.

22. 22 MU Guidance Document Consider the following categories or processes as listed by CALA and ILAC Guide 17: Sampling or sub-sampling � in-house sub-sampling typically applies only to bulk samples tested in AIHA-LAP, LLC laboratories. Note that field sampling is most often outside the responsibilities of the laboratory. In such cases, the laboratory should clearly state that any estimates of uncertainty reported with samples relate only to analytical uncertainty. Transportation, storage and handling of samples Preparation of samples -all steps of the sample procedure prior to analysis. This can include variations in drying, grinding, filtering, weighings, dispensing of materials, extractant backgrounds, etc.

23. 23 MU Guidance Document Consider the following categories or processes as listed by CALA and ILAC Guide 17: Environmental and measurement conditions - those conditions that can impact some test results (e.g., gravimetry, microbiology) when they vary (e.g., temperature or humidity of the balance room, seasonal changes in microbiological background of micro labs, etc.). The personnel carrying out the tests -This is especially important with subjective tests such as microscopy and organism identification. Variations in the test procedure - for example, different recoveries for different batches of media, impurities in reagent lots, the effect of different extraction, digestion or incubation times and temperatures, percentages of microscopic samples read, etc.

24. 24 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy Consider the following categories or processes as listed by CALA and ILAC Guide 17: The measuring instruments - variations in baseline drift, day to day calibration differences, carry over effects, interferences specific to the test method, microscope magnification used, etc. Calibration standards or reference materials - uncertainty related to reference materials or due to preparation differences, etc. Uncertainty estimates may come from certificates of analysis or estimations based on provider claims. Methods of generating test results - uncertainty due to data interpretation (e.g., peak integration, baseline manipulation, etc.), blank corrections, differences in how the software was used, other data manipulations, etc. Corrections for systematic effects - if test results are corrected for bias, include the uncertainty of the correction.

25. 25 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.4 Laboratories shall have a written procedure describing the process used to estimate measurement uncertainty, including at a minimum: 5.4.1 Definition of the measurand. 5.4.2 Identification of the contributors to uncertainly. 5.4.3 Details of the approaches used for estimating measurement uncertainty, such as Type A and/or Type B.

26. 26 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance Key Terms and Definitions type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty (VIM 2.28 JCGM 200:2008): evaluation of a component of measurement uncertainty by a statistical analysis of measured quantity values obtained under defined measurement conditions NOTE 1 For various types of measurement conditions, see repeatability condition of measurement, intermediate precision condition of measurement, and reproducibility condition of measurement. type B evaluation of measurement uncertainty (VIM 2.29 JCGM 200:2008): evaluation of a component of measurement uncertainty determined by means other than a Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty EXAMPLES Evaluation based on information � associated with authoritative published quantity values, � associated with the quantity value of a certified reference material, � obtained from a calibration certificate, � about drift, � obtained from the accuracy class of a verified measuring instrument, obtained from limits deduced through personal experience.

27. 27 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy When using the Type A approach, laboratories shall utilize one or more of the following options. These options are generally considered from 1) most suitable, to 4) least suitable: 1) Uncertainty specified within a standard method. In those cases where a well-recognized test method (such as a peer-reviewed AOAC, NIOSH, OSHA, ASTM, etc. method), specifies limits to the values of the major sources of uncertainty of measurement and specifies the form of presentation of calculated results, laboratories need not do anything more than follow the reporting instructions as long as they can demonstrate they follow the reference method without modification and can meet the specified reliability.

28. 28 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 2) Laboratory Control Samples (LCS) and Matrix Spikes. In cases where matrix specific LCS (CRM or media spikes) and/or matrix spike data are available, include uncertainty estimated from the standard deviation of long term data collected from routine sample runs for existing test methods or from the standard deviation of the LCS or matrix spike data for method validation/verification studies for new test methods.

29. 29 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 3) Duplicate Data. In cases where sub-sampling occurs and there are data over the reporting limit, include uncertainty estimated from long term duplicate data collected from routine sample runs for existing test methods or method validation/verification studies for new test methods. 4) Proficiency Testing (PT) Sample Data. In cases where the previous options are not available and where PT samples are analyzed with sufficient data above the reporting limit, pooled PT sample data can be used to estimate uncertainty.

30. 30 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.4 Laboratories shall have a written procedure describing the process used to estimate measurement uncertainty, including at a minimum: 5.4.4 Identification of the contributors of variability for qualitative test methods. 5.4.5 All calculations used to estimate measurement uncertainty and bias. 5.4.6 The reporting procedure.

31. 31 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.5 Laboratories are required to re-estimate measurement uncertainty when changes to their operations are made that may affect sources of uncertainty. 5.6 Laboratories shall report the expanded measurement uncertainty, along with the reported analyte concentration, in the same units as analyte concentration, when: � it is relevant to the validity or application of the test results, or � a customer's instructions so requires, or � the uncertainty affects compliance to a specification limit.

32. 32 AIHA-LAP, LLC Uncertainty Policy 5.7 When reporting measurement uncertainty, the test report shall include the coverage factor and confidence level used in the estimations (typically k = approximately 2 at the 95% confidence level). 5.8 When the test method has a known and uncorrected systematic bias, it shall be reported separately from the test result and uncertainty estimation, as a probable bias value

33. 33 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance Key Terms and Definitions Expanded uncertainty (VIM 2.35 JCGM 200:2008): product of a combined standard measurement uncertainty and a factor larger than the number one NOTE 1 The factor depends upon the type of probability distribution of the output quantity in a measurement model and on the selected coverage probability. NOTE 2 The term �factor� in this definition refers to a coverage factor. NOTE 3 Expanded measurement uncertainty is termed �overall uncertainty� in paragraph 5 of Recommendation INC-1 (1980) (see the GUM) and simply �uncertainty� in IEC documents. combined standard uncertainty (VIM 2.31 JCGM 200:2008): standard measurement uncertainty that is obtained using the individual standard measurement uncertainties associated with the input quantities in a measurement model

34. 34 Basis of MU Policy/Guidance Key Terms and Definitions coverage factor (VIM 2.38 JCGM 200:2008): number larger than one by which a combined standard measurement uncertainty is multiplied to obtain an expanded measurement uncertainty NOTE: A coverage factor, k, is typically in the range of 2 to 3. standard uncertainty (VIM 2.30 JCGM 200:2008): measurement uncertainty expressed as a standard deviation

35. 35 Summary of Guidance Document Steps Review the contributors Compile the applicable QC data and perform the calculations Sources that have an SD of less than 1/3 the largest SD can be eliminated

36. 36 Summary of Guidance Document Steps Calculate the combined uncertainty SDc = v [ SD12 + SD22 + � + SDn2 ] It may be beneficial to use RSD instead of SD as it allows for the concentration dependence of SD.

37. 37 Summary of Guidance Document Steps Calculate the expanded uncertainty Apply the appropriate coverage factor 'k'. Calculate the expanded uncertainty by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty by the appropriate coverage factor (k) to give an expanded uncertainty with the desired confidence level. The factor k is the confidence interval Student distribution t-factor for n-1 degrees of freedom. For a confidence level of 95%, k is approximately 2 for a data set of 30 points or more, for normally distributed data sets. Expanded measurement uncertainty = k x SDc

38. 38 Summary of Guidance Document Steps Reporting test results with the expanded measurement uncertainty Total benzene concentration of 88 ug/sample + 11 ug/sample at the 95% confidence level (k=2). Where bias is present, report it along with the uncertainty as a probable bias in a manner such as the following example: Total lead concentration of 78 ug/sample + 12 ug/filter at the 95% confidence level (k=2). This method has an average recovery of 94%, or at this level, a probable bias of -5 ug/filter. Alternate forms of reporting uncertainty and bias are acceptable as long as required information is clearly presented.

39. 39 6. ASSESSMENT FOR ACCREDITATION During assessment and surveillance of a laboratory, the assessor will evaluate the capability of the laboratory to estimate the measurement uncertainty for test methods included in the laboratory�s scope of accreditation. The assessor will verify that the methods of estimation applied are valid, all significant contributors to uncertainty have been considered, and all the criteria of the AIHA-LAP, LLC policy are met.

40. 40 Guidance and Examples Refer to the AIHA-LAP, LLC Guidance on the Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement for suggestions and examples for implementing the policies and helpful references. Example Excel spreadsheets also on the website

41. 41 Summary of Requirements Section 5.1 requires laboratories to be able to calculate an estimated measurement uncertainty, when requested, for all quantitative test methods covered by their AIHA LAP, LLC accreditation. Section 5.2 requires laboratories to treat each significantly different matrix (e.g., filters vs. bulks) separately when estimating measurement uncertainty.

42. 42 Summary of Requirements Section 5.3 addresses qualitative test methods. For these methods, laboratories are only required to understand the contributors to variability of test results and attempt to minimize them.

43. 43 Summary of Requirements Section 5.4 requires laboratories to have a written procedure describing how they estimate measurement uncertainty. Procedures must define the measurand, identify contributors to uncertainty, detail the approach that will be used to make the measurement uncertainty estimation, identify the calculations to be used to estimate measurement uncertainty and bias, and define how the information will be reported when required. Types of QC data that may be used in making the estimates are identified.

44. 44 Summary of Requirements Section 5.5 identifies conditions that will require laboratories to re-estimate measurement uncertainty of a test method. Section 5.6 defines when and how measurement uncertainty, as expanded measurement uncertainty, shall be reported.

45. 45 Summary of Requirements Section 5.7 requires the coverage factor used and confidence level to be included when reporting measurement uncertainty. Section 5.8 identifies requirements for reporting bias when it is known and a correction for it has not been applied to the reported result.

46. 46 Beginning April 1, 2010 Your procedures must include all elements in Section 5 of the AIHA-LAP,LLC measurement uncertainty policy. The procedures must be implemented. All contributors to MU must be considered and dealt with in a defensible manner. The calculations must make sense. Your lab must have the ability to report MU, even if the customer is currently not requesting it.

47. 47 Questions?