Mayer -World History - Scientific Revolution

1. The Scientific Revolution 1550-1750

2. What? • The Scientific Revolution is a period of massive scientific discovery that completely changes our understanding of the universe. • When? • From the late 1500’s through the early 1800’s. • Where? • Takes place mainly in Europe, but because of their large empires the ideas and knowledge filters down into European colonies, especially the United States. • Who? • Involves hundred of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers. Changes the lives of every single human being. Everyone, everywhere is affected by its discoveries.

3. Word Wall inductive deductive philosophe observation hypothesis conclusion natural rights heliocentric equality

4. Topic 1: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution

5. Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify the events that helped create the Scientific Revolution and explain how each of them led to it’s beginning.

6. Beginning of the Scientific Revolution • The Scientific Revolution is not defined time period but a series of events that when looked at together, form a pattern of new ways of thinking about, exploring, and understanding the universe. • It is a fundamental change in the way we try to explain the things taking place around us. • The Scientific Revolution is created by the effects of several other events: • 1. The Renaissance • 2. The Age of Exploration • 3. The Protestant Reformation

7. Beginning of the Scientific Revolution • The Renaissance • Revives interest in science and education • Increases amount of schools and universities available • Printing press makes books affordable to all classes • Printing press allows for quicker spread of information and scientific ideas

8. Beginning of the Scientific Revolution • The Protestant Reformation • Creates doubt in Catholic Church. People question their authority on matters of science and knowledge. • Allows scientists in Protestant countries to study and experiment without fear of the Inquisition. • Humanism creates belief that people can discover world for themselves, do not to rely on Catholic Church for answers.

9. Beginning of the Scientific Revolution • The Age of Exploration • Creates tremendous wealth for Europeans. Money available for scientific research and education for more people. • Brings back new discoveries from the Americas. • Creates doubts about Greek and Roman information.

10. Current Price of Gold: $50.80 / per gram

11. Essential Question • What events helped create the Scientific Revolution? • The events that helped create the Scientific Revolution were _____________________________.

12. Essential Question • How did each of these events lead to the beginning of the Scientific Revolution? • ____________________ led to the beginning of the Scientific Revolution by _____________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.

13. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the beginning of the Scientific Revolution and how previous periods in history contributed to creating the Scientific Revolution as well as the connection between these different periods. 3 – I can explain the beginning of the Scientific Revolution and how previous periods in history contributed to creating the Scientific Revolution. 2 – I can explain what the Scientific Revolution is but not explain the beginning or how other periods in history contributed to creating it. 1 – I can’t explain what the Scientific Revolution is or how it began.

14. Topic 2: The Scientific Method

15. Learning Goal • Students will be able to explain how the Scientific Method was created and it’s importance to the study of science and nature.

16. The Scientific Method • The Renaissance • Educated millions of people • Universities and schools grow dramatically • Books are cheap and available; people who can’t afford school able to self educate • By 1600, though there is still not much new information or discovery coming from Europe. • Because Renaissance learning was mainly based on two things: • Roman and Greek textbooks that were over 1000 years old • Catholic Church teachings; which are not allowed to be challenged • The investigation of science and the universe was based on either religious faith or flawed logic.

17. The Scientific Method • InductiveReasoning • Ancient Greek and Roman scientists used a method for answering questions called inductive reasoning. • In this method, you start with numerous observations about a topic, and based on those observations you draw to a single, overall conclusion about that topic. • Inductive reasoning produces many false conclusions. • Deductive Reasoning • During the Renaissance, scientists began to favor deductive reasoning. • In this method, you begin with a single, overall conclusion about a topic, and then make observations to either prove or disprove that conclusion. • Deductive reasoning proves more reliable than inductive reasoning, but still has the ability to provide many false conclusions.

18. (Observations about topic) Inductive Reasoning Conclusion about topic

19. Conclusion about topic (Make observations about topic) Deductive Reasoning Conclusion proved right Conclusion proved wrong

20. Example #1 – Ancient Greece Aristotle lives in Ancient Athens and he observes over the course of his lifetime that every swan he has ever seen has been white. He proceeds to interview all of his neighbors, a merchant from another city, and a traveler from China. After interviewing all of these people, he comes to find that none of them have ever seen a swan that is not white. So, through inductive reasoning he is able to conclude that all swans, in the entire population of the world, are all white. #1. Has Aristotle followed inductive reasoning correctly? #2. Is his conclusion correct, based on inductive reasoning? #3. How could he improve the strength of his conclusion? #4. Is his conclusion scientifically correct?

22. Example #2 – The Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci loves growing roses near his house. After years of growing roses he wonders if roses only come in red. He makes the general conclusion that all roses must be red. To prove himself he grows several generations of roses at his home, all come out red. He then visits Michelangelo’s and Shakespeare's garden. All of their roses are red. He goes camping and finds roses from the wild, and all those roses are red. Through deductive reasoning, da Vinci concludes that all roses must be red. #1. Has Da Vinci correctly followed deductive reasoning? #2. Is his conclusion correct, based on deductive reasoning? #3. How could he improve his conclusion? #4. Is his conclusion scientifically correct?

24. The Scientific Method • The use of these two methods leads to a high rate of false conclusions in science and no method for others to verify or disprove the conclusions of others. • Scientists who investigate and challenge well-established scientific “facts” are faced with intense resistance. • Ridiculed by other scientists who accepted Greek and Roman teaching • Punished by Catholic Church for challenging existing beliefs of the universe • Galileo Galilei – writings banned, lifetime house arrest • Michael Servetus, Giordano Bruno – burned at the stake as heretics • 1620 - English philosopher Francis Bacon proposes a new way to investigate questions of science that revolutionizes the way human beings learn and understand science and nature.

25. The Scientific Method • Scientific Method • Combines inductive and deductive reasoning • Instead of being based on only observation; required experimentation in a controlled setting to prove or disprove hypothesis • Experiments are recorded and results are shared so that other scientists can re-test experiments • Leads to more accurate results, less false conclusions, and actual understanding of the world instead of just belief in the authority of the church or Ancient Greek and Roman scientists • Along with new inventions such as the telescope (invented by Hans Lipperhey in 1608) and the microscope (invented by Zaccarias Janssen in 1590) the Scientific Method allowed huge leaps in science and even greater discoveries.

26. Francis bacon

27. Essential Question • How was the Scientific Method created? • The Scientific Method created by _____________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.

28. Essential Question • Why is the Scientific Method important to the study of science and nature? • The Scientific Method is important to the study of science and nature because ___________________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.

29. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the beginning of the Scientific Revolution and how previous periods in history contributed to creating the Scientific Revolution as well as the connection between these different periods. 3 – I can explain the beginning of the Scientific Revolution and how previous periods in history contributed to creating the Scientific Revolution. 2 – I can explain what the Scientific Revolution is but not explain the beginning or how other periods in history contributed to creating it. 1 – I can’t explain what the Scientific Revolution is or how it began.

30. Topic 3: Scientists, Theories, Laws, and Discoveries

31. Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify the major scientists of the Scientific Revolutionand remember their theories, discoveries, and laws. Students will be able to analyze their discoveries and predict modern day implications and uses.

32. Nicolaus Copernicus • Polish mathematician • First to prove the idea of a heliocentric solar system • His book, On the Revolution of Celestial Bodies, was not published until after his death. His ideas did not become well known for another 60 years. • Also mathematically proved that the moon revolves around the Earth and that the Earth spins on an axis, which explained day and night.

34. Galileo Galilei • Italian astronomer • Invented a more advanced telescope which allowed him to see other planets in detail. Proved that the rest of the universe was made of matter just like Earth. • Publically confirmed Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe. • Punished by Catholic Church for challenging the idea that Earth was the center of the universe. Arrested by Inquisition and put on house arrest for rest of his life.

36. Isaac Newton • English mathematician & physicist • Developed and mathematically proved 3 laws of motion that describe all motion. • Developed a universal law of gravitation that explains all gravity. • Discovered the spectrum of light (the rainbow) and how to demonstrate it. • Invented differential calculus to prove his law of gravity. • Changed the way people looked at the universe. Instead of being a magical creation of God, people began to see the universe as a machine that ran by laws that we could be figured out.

39. Robert Boyle • English chemist • Set standards in chemistry experimentation • Promoted the Scientific Method and encouraged all chemists to follow it. One the first chemists to use controlled experiments to prove his hypothesis. • Mathematically proved Boyle’s Law, which explains the relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure it is under. • His work leads to further gas laws, like Charles’ Law and Avogadro’s Law which explain how gas reacts to heat and force.

41. Antoine Lavoisier • French chemist & “Father of Modern Chemistry” • Created 1st periodic table of elements • Proved the existence of oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur and named them. • Proved that water was made up of hydrogen and oxygen, proved that air was made up of mainly nitrogen and oxygen, and created the process of recording chemical equations (H2O, etc.) • Wrote the first accepted chemistry textbook and created most of the chemistry vocabulary; element, compound, etc.

43. Andres Vesalius • Dutch teacher and doctor, invented modern anatomy. • First teacher to use hands on dissection in class and the first to teach using dissected human bodies. • He created the first correct map of the skeleton and the muscles. • Was also the first to correctly identify nerves and their function. Figured out that the brain controlled the rest of the body.

46. William Harvey • English doctor • Through dissection, created an almost complete map of how blood circulates the body. • First to create a correct diagram of the human heart and how it works, proved that the heart pumped blood to the rest of the body.

48. Learning Scale 4 – I am able to recall the scientists, theories, discoveries, and inventions of the Scientific Revolution and their modern day implications, including specific inventions that are based on these discoveries. 3 – I am able to recall the scientists, theories, discoveries, and inventions of the Scientific Revolution and their modern day implications. 2 – I am able to recall the scientists, theories, discoveries, and inventions of the Scientific Revolution but not their modern day implications 1 – I cannot recall the scientists, theories, discoveries, and inventions of the Scientific Revolution at all.