Scientific Revolution

1. Scientific Revolution

2. Ptolemaic System • constructed during the MiddleAges • placed the earth at the center of the universe • Copernicus and Kepler – believed in a heliocentric system – sun centered universe

3. Galileo Galilei • 1st to study the heavens using the telescope • Found moons around Jupiter and said the Earth was in constant motion • The Catholic Church made Galileo stop teaching the Copernican idea

4. Sir Isaac Newton – universal law of gravitation • William Harvey – said that the heart was a pump for the bodies blood to flow • Renee Descartes – reason - chief source of knowledge “I think, therefore, I am” • Francis Bacon – come up with the scientificmethod • Scientific method is crucial in the evolution of science in the modern world

5. The Age of Enlightenment

6. The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. It is also known as the Age of Reason.

7. John Locke • All humans are born with a blank mind and are molded by their experiences. • If their environment were changed, then the system that governs society should change as well. • All people are equal and independent

8. Philosophes • Intellectuals of the Enlightenment (writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers) – they also wanted to end slavery. There are three main thinkers and ideas of the philosophes. SLAVERY

9. Montesquieu – separation of powers – government should be separated into 3 branches – executive, legislative, and judicial with a checks and balance system to keep each branches power under check • Voltaire – well known for his criticism on the Church - wrote (Candide) • Diderot – wrote a 28 volume Encyclopedia which included an assorted collection of knowledge (most were ideas of the Enlightenment)

10. Economists of the Enlightenment believed individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest. • Adam Smith – laissez-faire economics (The Wealth of Nations) • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – (The Social Contract) believed that all people are equal and free

11. Mary Wollstonecraft – (1759-1797) – spoke on behalf of women’s rights • William Penn – believed in pacifism (opposition to war; wanting peace) • Commoners were not affected by the Enlightenment. • The growth of reading increased during the Enlightenment with the increasing number of publications (newspapers, magazines, books, etc…) 1st newspaper printed in London in 1702. • Salons were held in homes of the wealthy upper class. Ideas would spread as many philosophers and other thinkers would share their ideas.

12. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Austrian emperor Charles VI died & Maria Theresa succeeded her father • Prussia invaded Austria and Great Britain helped Austria while France helped Prussia. • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ended the war with Prussia refusing to give up Silesia (counties who fought gained territories all over the world).

13. The Seven Years’ War • Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia. • European countries underwent a diplomatic revolution. • New allies were formed (Prussia and Britain) vs. (Austria, France, and Russia) • The war was fought in Europe, India, and North America.

14. In Europe, Prussia was able to defend their country on three sides until the Russian czar withdrew his troops. (Peter III admired Frederick the Great of Prussia) Austria officially recognized Prussia’s control of Silesia • In India, the Treaty of Paris left Britain in control of India

15. French & Indian War • Greatest conflict of the Seven Years’ War happened in North America. • The French tried to move settlers into the Ohio River valley to cut off Britain from expanding its territory. • The French gained the support from Indians because they were less hostile than the British. • William Pitt the Elder (Prime Minister of Britain ) was able to defeat the French by the major naval battles.

16. Treaty of Paris gave Britain Canada and everything east of the Mississippi River. • Spain gave Florida to Britain and accepted Louisiana from the French. • Britain became the world’s greatest colonial power.

17. American Revolution

18. Britain allowed the colonies in America self-government in the mid-1700’s. Due to war and other economic problems, Britain started issuing special taxes on goods sent to the colonies. • Sugar Act – tax on sugar • Stamp Act – tax on all paper goods • Tea Act – tax on tea

19. Colonists dressed as Indians went aboard British ships and dumped tea into the Boston Harbor. This is known as the Boston Tea Party. • Intolerable Acts – denied the colonies the right of self-government until the tea had been paid for and also made colonists house British troops in their homes.

20. The colonists protested with a boycott of British goods. • Britain was furious. • Massachusetts rebelled against the British. • British troops were sent to support the British governor. • A group of colonists gathered and began harassing British troops by throwing snowballs. • Gunfire broke out and 5 colonists were killed. This is called the Boston Massacre.

21. Declaration of Independence • Colonies formed the Continental Congress and appointed George Washington in command of the Continental Army. • July 4, 1776, Americans signed the Declaration of Independence (declared independence from Britain) • After the Battle of Saratoga, N.Y., France helped the U.S. with military equipment and money.

23. France went on to declare war against Britain. • Oct. 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, British forces (General Cornwallis) surrendered to Washington. • The Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1783.