Mayer - World History - The Renaissance

1. The Renaissance 1300-1600

2. What? • The word Renaissance means “rebirth” in French. This period in history is considered the rebirth of Europe after medieval times. Europe makes exceptional advances in learning, philosophy, science, and especially art. • Where? • The Renaissance begins in Italy and spreads throughout Europe over the next several hundred years. • When? • The Renaissance period begins in Italy in the 1300’s and continues to spread through Europe until the 1600’s. • Who? • The Renaissance involves millions of people. Teachers, artists, sculptors, merchants, kings, priests, etc. Millions of people benefit from the art and education of the Renaissance.

3. Word Wall perspective proportion Humanism vernacular classical printing press Renaissance Man practical anatomy idealism

4. Topic 1: Causes of the Renaissance

5. Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify the causes of the Renaissance and explain how each of those led to the beginning and spread of the Renaissance.

6. Causes of the Renaissance • The Crusades • By killing off lords and knights, the Crusades put an end to medieval feudalism. Freed peasants from feudal contracts, gave freedom to move away and work for themselves. • Soldiers returning from the Crusades brought back stories and examples of Muslim technology and science from the Middle East. The advanced level of technology renews interest in science and education. • Also brought back classical Greek and Roman texts that had been lost for hundreds of years.

7. Causes of the Renaissance • Improved farming • New inventions and techniques(3 field system, wheeled plow) improved the output of most farmers. More food = larger population. • With less work needed to make the same or more food, more people free to move off of the farm and into cities. • Allows people to explore new jobs, trade, the arts and education.

8. The Wheeled Plow

9. Three field system

10. Causes of the Renaissance • Growth of cities • The end of feudalism and better farming allows peasants to move off of manors and into cities. • Open businesses, trade goods and services, and break out of their backwards medieval way of life. • With millions more people living in cities, things like information, ideas, and inventions are able to spread much quicker than in the past.

11. Causes of the Renaissance • Growth of education • With the new interest in science and learning, people demanded information. • Number of schools and universities in Europe triples from 1300-1500. Number of people who can read increases from 2% to almost 60% in the same time. • ClassicalGreek and Roman texts are translated in local languages, called vernacular, to be read by everyday people. Knowledge of science, math, art, and philosophy explodes.

12. Causes of the Renaissance • New Technology • In the 1400’s the Chinese printing press arrived in Europe and Johannes Gutenberg builds the first European printing press in Germany in 1455. • By 1500 AD, over 1000 printing presses were working in Europe. Able to print books cheaply and quickly, lowering the cost of education. • Greek and Roman books that had been translated into vernacular could now be printed by the thousands and millions. So, even lower classes could afford to self-educate. This also allowed news, ideas, and information to spread further and faster.

13. Causes of the Renaissance • The Revival of Trade • Trade between Europe and the rest of the world was nonexistent during medieval times. There were no extra goods to trade and very few people traveled away from their lord’s manor. • Crusaders returning to Europe brought back exciting new goods from Africa(salt & gold), the Middle East(spices and technology), and Asia(silk, ink, gunpowder). Demand for these goods soon became huge, people open up markets and begin trading in these new items. • Caused many families and cities involved in trade, especially in Italy, to grow very rich. Used this wealth to sponsor talented artists. Influx of money into Europe allows for construction of roads, sewers, schools, hospitals, etc. Quality of life begins to get back to Roman standards.

14. Summary: Essential Question • What were the causes of the Renaissance? • The causes of the Renaissance were _________________________________________________.

15. Summary: Essential Question • How did each of these causes lead to the beginning and spread of the Renaissance? • _____________________ led to the beginning and spread of the Renaissance by __________________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2. • 3.

16. Learning Scale 4 – I can recall all of the causes of the Renaissance and explain how they created the Renaissance movement, as well as give other examples form history of similar revolutions in thought. 3 – I can recall all of the causes of the Renaissance and explain how they helped create and spread the Renaissance movement. 2 – I can recall all of the causes of the Renaissance but I can’t explain how they created the Renaissance movement. 1 – I don’t recall any of the causes of the Renaissance.

17. Topic 2: Changes in Renaissance Thinking

18. Learning Goal • Students will be able to explain how Renaissance thought differed from Medieval thoughtand identify examples of the difference in primary sources.

19. Changes in Renaissance Thinking • Greek and Roman Influence • The Renaissance is seen as a “rebirth” . The reintroduction of classical Greek and Roman knowledge, the re-connection through trade with the rest of the world, and the re-emergence of education and intellectual advancement. • The Renaissance and its ideas and ways are heavily influenced by classical Greek and Roman thinking and methods. In the end, this Greek and Roman influence motivates people to break free of traditional, medieval, Christian-centered ways of thinking and acting. • Greek idealism led to a belief in attainable perfection through rational thought and classical knowledge. All things in the universe were seen as solvable by the human mind if properly pursued. • Roman practical realism led to a belief in real-world solutions to problems, rather than seeking divine intervention or revelation.

20. Changes in Renaissance Thinking • Humanism • Greek idealism was drastically different than Catholic teachings that all people were flawed and sinners, and the only way to understand the world was through God’s revelations and the Church. • People during the Renaissance began to reject the idea that they had no control over their lives and that everything was in God’s hands. • This created a philosophy known as Humanism. Humanism was the belief that people, not God, were driving force behind all things. It celebrated the ability and talents of people, free of religious superstition. People were encouraged to study the classical arts, and better themselves in all areas of being human. • This leads to the phrase Renaissance Man. A Renaissance Man is one who is gifted in all areas: intelligence, physical strength and ability, artistic skill, musical talent, and martial arts.

21. Changes in Renaissance Thinking • Art • Renaissance artists were heavily influenced by Greek and Roman thinking. • Roman practical realism encouraged artists to paint subjects are realistically as possible. It also led to more realistic, human scenes and subject matter; rather than strictly religious themes. • Greek idealism encouraged artists to perfect their methods through the study of classical knowledge. By studying biology and anatomy, it allowed artists to better understand how the human body moved and could be portrayed more realistically. They studied physics to understand how light behaved. They studied geometry to understand the relationships between size and distance. • A major advancement was the development of perspective and proportion.

24. Changes in Renaissance Thinking • Technology • The creation of the printing press changed the expectations of Renaissance life. Easier access to books meant education was available to more and no longer was exclusive to the rich. Also, reduced people’s dependency on the Catholic Church for knowledge. • More accessible education meant all classes could hope to improve their standing in life, which supported the Humanistic idea that people’s fate lay in their own hands, rather than God and the Church’s. • The arrival of gunpowder into Europe in the 1300’s led to guns, like the culverin and the harquebus, by the middle of the 1400’s. • Heavy iron armor used by knights became worthless. Soldiers could be quickly trained to fire guns which eliminated the need for highly trained knights. • Guns re-enforced the idea that the study of science and classical knowledge could make all men equal. A peasant soldier with a gun replaces the rich, powerful, medieval knight.

25. The culverin

26. The Harquebus

27. Changes in Renaissance Thinking • Politics • Roman practical realism encouraged politicians to pursue realistic, real-world solutions to problems of government and separate politics and Christian morals. • The best example of this way of thinking was Italian writer Niccolo Machiavelli. During medieval times the Code of Chivalry had insisted that lords follow Christian morals of honor, bravery and charity. Machiavelli rejected that idea. • Machiavelli promoted the practical idea of a strong ruler who maintained power at all costs and ignored their conscience. He openly preached that realistic rulers cannot hope to always follow Christian morals and stay in power. • He wrote that self-interest is what truly motivates most people, no matter what they may say; and he advocated a system of ruthless scheming, manipulation, and deception that directly contradicted the medieval Code of Chivalry.

28. Summary: Essential Question • How did Renaissance thought differ from Medieval thought? • Renaissance thought differed from Medieval thought by _________________________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2. • 3.

29. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain how Renaissance thought and methods differed from Medieval thought and methods, and how those changes happened, as well as the progression of Renaissance thought and methods into modern thought. 3 – I can explain how Renaissance thought and methods differed from Medieval thought and methods, and how those changes happened. 2 – I can explain how Renaissance thought and methods differed from Medieval thought and methods, but not how those changes happened. 1 – I don’t see any difference between Renaissance thought and methods and Medieval thought and methods.

30. Topic 3: Major Figures of the Renaissance

31. Learning Goal • Students will be able to classify and organize the major figures of the Renaissance and their contributions to the period.

32. Italian writer and poet born in Florence, Italy in 1265. Dante was a politician and soldier, and became a writer after he was married. His most famous book, “The Divine Comedy”, is a story about a dream Dante had about traveling to hell. He wrote the book in three parts, one describing hell, purgatory, and heaven. It is considered the greatest book ever written in Italian, and his complex poetry earned him the title “Father of the Italian language.” Dante Alleghieri

33. English writer, born in London in 1343 to a rich merchant family. Chaucer went on to become and politician and wrote several books about politics. However, his masterpiece, “The Canterbury Tales” was the most popular book ever written in the English language until the 1800’s. He also was one the first authors in England to write in English instead of Greek or Latin. He helped to established the correct English translation of many Greek and Latin words, and is called the “Father of the English Language”. Geoffrey Chaucer

34. German inventor born in Mainz Germany in 1395. He improved upon the Chinese model printing press and invented metal movable type which greatly increased the speed of printing. His creation was the most important invention of the Renaissance and completely changed life in Europe. It spread ideas and literature everywhere and cheap printing of books allowed the population on Europe to educate themselves and weakened the power of upper classes and the Church. Johannes Gutenberg

35. Italian painter born in Vinci, Italy in 1452. Considered to be possibly the greatest genius to have ever lived. Famous artwork includes the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But, he was also a sculptor, architect, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, and writer. Drew many detailed sketches of biology and anatomy and sketched the designs for numerous inventions; such as scuba equipment, a helicopter, a submarine, tanks, and a machine gun. The true definition of a Renaissance Man. Leonardo Da Vinci

36. Italian painter and sculptor, born in Caprese, Italy in 1457. He became an art apprentice at the age of 13, and became known as a master artist by his early 20’s. Was considered the greatest artist alive during his time and worked for all of the richest families in Italy and was hired by the Church numerous times. His most famous artwork included the David and the ceiling and walls of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Michelangelo Buonarotti

37. Italian writer, born in Florence Italy in 1469. Machiavelli worked as a teacher and politician in Florence for most of his life. He witnessed firsthand the coldhearted, brutal politics of Italy during this time. After his retirement, he wrote his masterpiece, “The Prince”, about how rulers should acquire and maintain power with no thought to morals or conscience. His book revolutionized politics and became the bible for kings and dictators for the next several hundred years. Niccolo Machiavelli

38. Dutch painter and carver born in Nuremburg, Germany in 1528. Grew up in a very poor family of miners, was the only child in his family to attend any school. Durer was extremely influential among northern artists and brought Italian Renaissance art styles to Northern Europe. Considered to be the greatest non-Italian artist of the Renaissance. His famous artwork includes The Praying Hands and The Emperor Charlemagne. Albrecht Durer

39. English writer and poet, born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564. Easily the greatest writer in the English language and the greatest playwright who has ever lived. His plays have been translated into every major language and are the most preformed plays in the world. His writing is the most quoted writing in history and more words and phrases in the English dictionary are attributed to him than any other writer. Possibly the greatest writer that has ever lived. William Shakespeare

40. Learning Scale 4 – I can recall all of the causes major figures of the Renaissance and their contributions to the period, as well as explain how their contributions influenced and inspired later artists, philosophers, and scientists. 3 – I can recall all of the causes major figures of the Renaissance and their contributions to the period. 2 – I can remember some of the names of the more famous Renaissance figures, but not their contributions to the Renaissance. 1 – I don’t recall any of the major figures of the Renaissance.