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General Pharmacology

This lecture is about introduction to pharmacology.

Abdiqadir
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General Pharmacology

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  1. RIFT-VALLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE Introduction to Pharmacology Lecturer: Abdiqadir Abdilahi Ali (DMLT, DVM, BPHARM, PGDE, MPH(EPI), MBBS CANDIDATE) Director of Rift-Valley Medical College Lecturer of SHIFA UNIVERSITY.

  2. INTRODUCTION Def1: Pharmacology is the study of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies of drugs. Def2: Pharmacology is the study of drugs. Def3: Pharmacology is a scientific discipline that studies about chemical, therapeutic and the side effects of drugs. Pharmacy: It is the science of identification, selection, preservation, standardization, compounding and dispensing of medical substances. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  3. BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY Branches of pharmacology include: Clinical pharmacology Neuropharmacology Psychopharmacology Pharmacotherapeutic Pharmacogenetics Toxicology Abdiqadir Fiqi

  4. DRUG What is a Drug? In WHO drug is defined, any substance or product that is used to explore a physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. A drug is any natural or synthetic substance that alters the physiological state of a living organism. Drugs can be divided into two groups. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  5. DRUG Drugs can be divided into two groups: Medicinal drugs: substances used for the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of disease. 2. Nonmedicinal (social) drugs: substances used for recreational purposes. These drugs include illegal substances such as cannabis, heroin and cocaine, as well as everyday substances such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  6. DOSE VS DOSAGE Dose: it is the quantity of the drug. Dosage: it is the schedule of the dose, frequency and duration of administration of drugs. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  7. RIGHTS OF PHARMACOLOGY Right drug Right dose Right time Right route Right patient Right reason Right documentation Abdiqadir Fiqi

  8. PHARMACOKINETICS Pharmacokinetic is the study of what actually happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the time all of it and it is metabolites have left the body. Pharmacokinetic is what body do to the drug. Pharmacokinetic is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Abdiqadir Fiqi

  9. 1. ABSORPTION Drug absorption is the processes of incorporating a drug into the body and its various tissues, organs and other biological sites. If two medications have the same bioavailability, they are said to be bio-equivalent. Bioavailability is the amount of a drug in a particular dosage form that is absorbed into the circulation. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  10. FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE RATE OF DRUG ABSORPTION There are various factors that affecting the rate of drug absorption, these include: Administration route of a drug Foods and fluids administered with a drug The dosage formulation The status of the absorptive surface The acidity of the stomach. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  11. 2. DISTRIBUTION Distribution: The transport of a drug that in the body by the blood stream to its site of action is referred to distribution. Once a drug enters the blood stream (circulation), it is distributed throughout the body. A drug can be freely distributed to extravascular tissue only if it is not bound to a protein. If a drug is bound in to a protein, it is generally too large to pass into tissues. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  12. 3. METABOLISM Metabolism: Metabolism is also referred to as biotransformation because it involves the biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound or a more potent metabolite. 4. EXCRETION Excretion: The elimination of drugs from the body is referred to as excretion. The primary organ that is responsible for excretion is kidney. Two other organs that also play an important role in the excretion of drugs are the liver and the bowel. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  13. HALF-LIFE Half-life: It is the time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed and is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body. E.gtetracycline 500mg, it is first half life is 250mg Abdiqadir Fiqi

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  15. PHARMACODYNAMICS Pharmacodynamics: The study of the mechanism of drug actions in living tissues is called pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics is what drug does to the body. Pharmacodynamics can be classified into: Therapeutic utility Mechanism of action Receptor interactions Abdiqadir Fiqi

  16. SYNERGISM Synergism When the action of one drug is facilitated or increased by other, they are said to be synergistic. In synergistic pair both the drugs can have action in the same direction or given alone one may be inactive but still enhance the action of the other when given together. Synergism can be: Additive and Supraadditive. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  17. ADDITIVE SYNERGISM Additive Synergism: The effect of the two drugs is in the same direction and simply adds up. E.g effect of drugs A+B = effect of drug A + effect of drug B. Examples are the following: Aspirin + Paracetamol = analgesic/antipyretic Abdiqadir Fiqi

  18. SUPRA-ADDITIVE SYNERGISM Supra additive: The effect of combination is greater than the individual effects of the components. Effect of drug A + B is greater than effect of drug A + effect of drug B. Examples are the following: Sulfamethaxazoleplus trimethoprim Abdiqadir Fiqi

  19. Agonism (Agonists) VS Antagonism (Antagonists) Agonists: Activate receptors and produce a subsequent response. Antagonists: When one drug decreases or abolishes the action of another, they are said to be antagonistic, Abdiqadir Fiqi

  20. DRUG NOMENCLATURE A drug generally has three categories of names: Chemical name Generic Name (Non-proprietary name ) Brand Name (Proprietary name) Abdiqadir Fiqi

  21. CHEMICAL NAME It describes the substance chemically, E.g 1-isopropylamino-3-1-naphthyloxy propan 2- ol. This is cumbersome and not suitable for use in prescribing. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  22. GENERIC NAME Generic Name (Non-proprietary name) . It is the name accepted by a competent scientific body/authority, e.g United States adopted name (USAN) by the council of USAN council. E.g. Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Metformin, furosemide. Abdiqadir Fiqi

  23. BRAND NAME (PROPRIETARY NAME) It is the name assigned by the manufacturers and is his property or trade mark. One drug may have multiple proprietary names. E.g. Paracetamol (Panadol, Tylenol, Alvedon) Ibuprofen (Advil, Midol, Motrin) Aspirin (Zorpin, Asatab) Metformin (Fortamet, Glucophage, Riomet) Furosemide (Lasix) Abdiqadir Fiqi

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  25. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Abdiqadir Fiqi

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