Sarah Burke, Andrew Krasley, Maria Winters

1. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Serine Protease Inhibitors Sarah Burke, Andrew Krasley, Maria Winters

2. Some Statistics • 3% of the world population and 1.3% of the United States are infected with HCV. • HCV is the leading cause of liver transplantation. • HCV is 5x more widespread than HIV. http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2008icr/aasld/docs/111808_c.html

3. HCV Basics • HCV has surface proteins which recognize the liver cells it ultimately infects. • HCV has an icosohedral core like HIV. • HCV contains single-stranded positive sense RNA. • This means that it is similar to mRNA and can therefore be immediately translated by the host cell. http://people.rit.edu/japfaa/infectious.html

4. How To Contract HCV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQIUV_cSll0

5. HCV in the Body • HCV targets hepatocytes (liver cells) because the liver is its main replication site. • HCV is very similar to HIV in that it attaches itself to the hepatocyte and releases its genetic material into the cell. It then “hijacks” the cell and replicates. • Ultimately the liver becomes inflamed and cirrhosis can occur and lead to death.

6. Effect of HCV on Liver Uniform and smooth healthy liver. Liver from individual who died from cirrhosis.

7. Current Treatments: Interferons • Interferons (IFN) are glycoproteins which stimulate the immune system. IFN-α can be injected into the bloodstream as a treatment of HCV. • More recently PEGylated-IFN-α’s have been used. • PEG gives the IFN- α better PK properties such as solubility and half-life.

8. Current Treatments: Ribavirin • Ribavirin is a prodrug which resembles RNA nucleotides. • The mechanism of action is unknown, but it somehow interferes with production of viral RNA and prevents HCV from replicating.

9. Downfalls of Current Therapies • Only effective on 40-50% of patients with the most common form of HCV. • IFNs not directly act on the virus and the virus can quickly replicate to overcome ribavirin. • They cause side effects such as: • Fatigue, fever, and headaches • Depression and insomnia • Cough, skin rash, and chest pain

10. New Target: NS3 Protease • Hepatitis C RNA encodes for a polyprotein that is 3000 amino acids long. • This is cleaved by viral and host proteases to form structural and nonstructural proteins. • The nonstructural (NS) proteins are further processed by two viral proteases, NS2/3 and NS3.

11. More About the NS3 Protease • 180 amino acid serine protease with a His-57, Asp-81, and Ser-139 catalytic triad. • In order to be actived it must be bound to an NS4a cofactor. • Located at the N-terminal end of the NS3 protein. • Contains a shallow active site on the surface of the enzyme. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6807/5/1

12. Two types of NS3 Protease Inhibitors α-ketoamides Competive, noncovalent inhibitors • Form a reversible covalent bond with serine in the active site. • Aim to bind more strongly to active site than substrate through noncovalent interactions.

13. Mechanism of Action of α-ketoamides • These are typically peptides containing an electrophile that form reversible covalent bonds with serine139 in the active site.

14. Serine Protease Mechanism

15. Alpha-Ketoamide Inhibitors http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/jmol.do?structureId=2OC0&bionumber=1

16. General PK Information

17. Challenges in Modern Drug Discovery: A Case Study of Boceprevir, an HCV Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection F. George Njoroge etal.

18. Selecting a Target NS3-NS4A protease Screened 4 million compounds • No leads generated Structure based design • Look at substrate-enzyme active site interactions • Account for oral bioavailability/PK properties • Exploit H-bonding and hydrophobic interaction

19. Testing Inhibitors Cell-based replicon system of HuH-7 cellshttp://huh7.com/ HCV NS3 protease continuous assay Lack of small animal model • Severe immunodeficiency disease (SICD) mice • Chronically infected chimpanzees Many are compared against human neutrophil elastase (HNE) Many are compared against CYPs

20. Creating a Drug

21. cyclopropylalanine phenylglycine isobutyl carbamate cap carboxylic acid cyclopropylalanine cyclohexylglycine

22. gem-dimethylcyclopropylproline tert-butyl carbamate dimethylamide tert-butylglycine

23. P2’

24. substituted hydrazine urea

25. macrocyclization tert-alkyl ether linkage

26. dimethylcyclopropyl-proline macrocyclization

27. Boceprevir α-center urea cyclobutylalanine

28. Performance

29. X-ray of Bioceprevir Bound in Pocket dimethylcyclopropylproline H-bond urea capping group tert-butylglycine cyclobutylalanine

30. Discovery of Narlaprevir (SCH 900518): A Potent, Second Generation HCV NS3 Serine Protease Inhibitor Ashok Arasappan et al.

31. Major Goals • Design a second generation HCV NS3 Serine Protease Inhibitor (α-ketoamide class of slow-binding reversible inhibitors) • Eliminate purification issues by developing a molecule that exists as a single isomer • Focus on in vitro potency and PK profile Boceprivir Narlaprivir

32. Crystal Structure of Bound Boceprivir

33. SAR Studies Lead to t-butyl Sulfone • Initial attempts showed improvement in replicon potency and rat PK properties • Monkey exposure was more of a challenge • t-butyl sulfone moiety showed an EC90 = 100 nM with good bioavailability in monkey plasma

34. Synthesis: Route 1

35. Curtis Rearrangement Mixture of P1 Diastereomers

36. Synthesis: Route 2

37. Optimized Stereoselective Synthesis of 37

38. SAR Studies Investigating P1 • P’ 2o allyl amides showed desirable rat PK profile • Allyl (or small alkyl groups) were not tolerated well with certain P1 groups • Identification of the best P’-P1 combination was desirable.

39. P’ SAR of Inhibitors of Type 15

40. Table 3 Table 3 : Discovery of P1 Moiety

41. Synthesis of P1-P’ intermediate Synthesis of Intermediate Passerini Reaction Mechanism

42. Comparison of 37 & 70

43. NS3 Protease Bound X-ray Structure Containing 37

44. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Noncovalent Linear Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease Montse Llinas-Brunet* et al

45. Major Goals of this Research • After the failure of their initial macrocyclic lead compound, these authors set out to find a new series of potent noncovalent inhibitors. • Goal was to develop a linear tripeptide with single digit nM EC50 and IC50 values. • They also wanted to study the PK properties of their compounds, specifically plasma concentrations and oral bioavailability.

46. Previous Studies: Macrocyclic Inhibitors • Previously reported C-terminus carboxylic acid containing noncovalent inhibitor of NS3 protease. • P1 residue: 1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropylcarboxylic acid (vinyl-ACCA). • Advancement of this compound was discontinued because of cardiotoxicity in monkeys. Vinyl-ACCA

47. Previous Studies: Linear Inhibitors • The authors have previously published on linear inhibitors like compound 2 which are easier and less costly to synthesize. • This peptide backbone forms many favorable interactions with the active site.

49. Synthesis

50. Synthesis