History of Turbo-Machines

1. History of Turbo-Machines P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department

3. Thermodynamic Appreciation

4. Thermodynamic Classification

5. Thermodynamic Superiority

6. Exchange of Fluid Energy

7. Modeling of Technological Evolution of Human Civilization��

8. Zero to One-body Tool Era of Technology

9. Compound tools to Machine Era of Technology

10. Machine to Computer Era of Technology

11. Technology Vs Power

12. Water Wheels to Hydraulic Turbines A Long Lasting Story of 4200 yrs �. Still A Need of the Day�..

13. Science Fiction by Michel Christon The land sloped downward, then flattened along the banks of the Dordogne. They crossed the river, broad and dark brown, and came to a heavily wooded island near the far shore. Between the island and the northern shore was a narrower, rushing stream perhaps fifteen feet wide. And here she saw ruins of another structure - so ruined, in fact, that it was hard to tell what it once had been. "And this?" she said, looking down. "What's this?" "That's the water mill. There was once a bridge over the river, with water wheels beneath. They used water power to grind grain, and to pump big bellows for making steel."

14. Reconstruction of the village in the late 12th century

15. More from �Time Line� Chris saw four water wheels, not three, churning in the current that ran beneath a bridge. And the bridge above was not a single unified structure. There seemed to be at least two independent structures, like little houses. The larger was made of stone and the other of wood, suggesting the structures had been built at different times. From the stone building, smoke belched in a continuous gray plume. So maybe they really were making steel there, he thought. If you had water-powered bellows, then you could have an actual blast furnace. That would explain the separate structures, too. Because mills that ground grain or corn never permitted any open fire or flame inside - not even a candle. That was why grinding mills operated only during daylight hours. Absorbed in the details, he felt himself relax.

16. History of MILLING Of all the machines in use, the mill was the most widespread. It turned wind or water power into cost-effective energy for grinding flour, tanning leather, processing cloth and a variety of other tasks. The mills played an important economic role in medieval society. Although the initial investment in mill machinery and plant was expensive, the long-term return in profits was excellent. It is not therefore surprising to find that important institutions such as the Knights Templars owned mills on the River Darent either in or close to the town.

17. The River Darent provided a constant and reliable flow of water ideal for driving rudimentary mill machinery. Early records show that there were a number of mills in medieval Dartford. The earliest reference to a mill is in Domesday Book which interestingly implies that there had been a much earlier mill in Saxon Dartford. In 1221, William, prior of Rochester, granted to Alan Martel, prior of the Knights Templars, half an acre of land in Dartford lying by the stream which flowed down from the mill south of Holy Trinity church which the Templars owned. This was probably the mill, which King John granted in 1217 to Michael de Wallensi. At this time the mill was valued at 100 shillings a year.

18. By 1253, the mill belonged to the bishop of Rochester. In 1299 the mill was known as Orchard�s Mill and was privately owned. A flour mill and corn mill were also located on the River Darent, based in the manor of Portbridge or Bignores (close to modern-day Powdermill Lane). These mills were later owned and leased by the prioress of Dartford.

23. No Break Through Just A Natural Evolution Knowledge of turbo-machines has evolved slowly over centuries without the benefit of sudden and dramatic breakthrough for more than 41500 yrs! Turbo-machines, such as windmills and waterwheels, are millenniums old.

24. An Evolution from Water Wheel to Hydraulic Turbine Waterwheels, which dip their vanes into moving water, were employed in ancient Egypt, China, and Assyria. Waterwheels appeared in Greece in the second century B.C. and in the Roman Empire during the first century B.C. A seven-ft-diameter waterwheel at Monte Cassino was used by the Romans to grind corn at the rate of 150 kg of corn per hour, Waterwheels at Arles ground 320 kg of corn per hour. The Doomsday Book, based on a survey ordered by William the Conqueror, indicates the there were 5,624 water mills in England in 1086. Besides the grinding of grain, waterwheels were used to drive water pumps and to operate machinery.

25. Agricola (1494�1555) showed by illustrations how water wheels were used to pump water from mines and to crush metallic ores in the 16th century. In 1685 Louis XIV had 221 piston pumps installed at Marly, France, for the purpose of supplying 3,200m3 of Seine River water per day to the fountains of the Versailles palace. The pumps were driven by 14 waterwheels, each 12m in diameter, that were turned by the currents of the Seine. The undershot waterwheel, which had an efficiency of only 30%, were used up until the end of the 18th century. It was replaced in the 19th century by the overshot waterwheel with an efficiency of 70 to 90%. By 1850, hydraulic turbines began to replace waterwheels. The first hydroelectric power plant was built in Germany in 1891 and utilized waterwheels and direct-current power generation. However, the waterwheels were soon replaced with hydraulic turbines and alternating-current electric power.

26. Evolution of Wind Turbines Although the use of wind power in sailing vessels appeared in antiquity, the widespread use of wind power for grinding grain and pumping water was delayed until the 7th century in Persia, the 12th century in England, and the 15th century in Holland. 17th century, Leibniz proposed using windmills and waterwheels together to pump water from mines in the Harz Mountains. Dutch settlers brought Dutch mills to America in the 18th century. This led to the development of a multiblade wind turbine that was used to pump water for livestock. Wind turbines were used in Denmark in 1890 to generate electric power. Early in the 20th century American farms began to use wind turbines to drive electricity generators for charging storage batteries.

27. Discovery of Steam and Gas Turbines In the second century B.C. Hero of Alexandria invented rotors driven by steam and by gas, but these machines produced insignificant amounts of power. During the 18th and 19th centuries the reciprocating steam engine was developed and became the predominant prime mover for manufacturing and transportation industries. In 1883 the first steam turbines were constructed by de Laval whose turbines achieved speeds of 26,000 rpm. In 1884 a steam turbine, which ran at 17,000 rpm and comprised 15 wheels on the same shaft, was designed and built by Charlie Parsons.

28. The gas turbine was conceived by John Barber in 1791, and the first gas turbine was built and tested in 1900 by Stolze [7]. Sanford Moss built a gas turbine in 1902 at Cornell University. At Brown Boveri in 1903, Armenguad and Lemale combined an axial-flow turbine and centrifugal compressor to produce a thermal efficiency of 3% [7]. In 1905 Holzwarth designed a gas turbine that utilized constant-volume combustion. This turbine was manufactured by Boveri and Thyssen until the 1930s. In 1911 the turbocharger was built and installed in diesel engines by Sulzer Brothers, and in 1918 the turbocharger was utilized to increase the power of military aircraft engines. In 1939 the first combustion gas turbine was installed by Brown Boveri in Switzerland. A similar turbine was used in Swiss locomotives in 1942. The aircraft gas turbine engine (turbojet) was developed by Junkers in Germany around 1940.

29. History Repeats Itself Distributed Energy Systems Micro and Pico Renewable Energy Systems.

30. MEL346 : Syllabus Introduction: turbomachinery / history / types / classification Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics of turbomachinery Mass, momentum and energy FEB Gas turbines and the Brayton cycle Jet engines Axial flow turbines and compressors: theory and design Thermal and material stresses, blade cooling Velocity vectors, Euler turbine equations Vortex flow, blade design, performance & losses MAR Steam turbines and the Rankine cycle Nuclear vs. fossil fuel steam turbines Fuels and emissions Materials and stress analysis APR Hydraulic turbines Pumps Wind Turbines Micro Turbines

31. References Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery : S.L. Dixon, Principles of Turbomachinery: R.K. TURTON Handbook of Turbomachineryedited by Earl Logan, Jr. & Ramendra Roy The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines � David G Wilson & T Korakianitis. Principles of Turbomachinery in Air Breathing Engines � E A Baskharone. Steam Turbines for Modern Fossil-Fuel Power Plants; Alexander S Leyzerovich