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Hemakumara R.M.N.C. Supervised by Professor Maki Tsujimura

Impacts of Sand Mining Industry on Interprovincial State Land Management in Mahaweli Riverbank, Mahiyangana, Sri Lanka. Hemakumara R.M.N.C. Supervised by Professor Maki Tsujimura JDS International Seminar 2019.01.21. 1. I n t r o du c t i o n. Sand is , • • •.

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Hemakumara R.M.N.C. Supervised by Professor Maki Tsujimura

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  1. Impacts of Sand Mining Industry on Interprovincial State Land Management in Mahaweli Riverbank, Mahiyangana, SriLanka Hemakumara R.M.N.C. Supervised by Professor MakiTsujimura JDS International Seminar2019.01.21 1

  2. Introduction • Sandis, • • • • • • Natural aggregates formed by rockerosion Represents highest volume of raw material used on earth after water Available as terrestrial and marinedeposits • Terrestrial deposits - residual soil deposit, river channel deposit andflood • Marine deposits - shore deposit and off-shoredeposit plain alluvialdeposit (Gavriletea et al2017) • Methods of SandMining • River bed and flood plain mining – common method in SriLanka • Placer mining – use of water to separate heavy/lightminerals • Coastalmining • Open pitmining • Surfacemining • (Piyadasa et al2012) • Uses ofSand • Constructionindustry • Cementindustry • Tile & ceramicindustry • Bricks & motarindustry • Glass & adhesiveindustry • (Gunaratne et al2010) 2

  3. Relationship Between Sand Mining and Land Management Sand Transportation Sand Storing Sand Mining Causes Environmental and Social Issues Economic Issues LandManagement Issues Effects Land is the basicrequirement for getting a Miningpermit 2

  4. Sand Storing Land and LandPermit • Sand StoringLand • Need to have aowner • Owner need a relevantPermit • Owner need to pay tax forLand • Land Permit (Two types ofpermit) • Land Development Ordinance (LDO)Permit • Can use only for residential and agriculturalpurpose • Annual Land permit • Can use for commercialpurposes 2

  5. Issues of Sand StoringLand • Most people have Land Development (LDO) Permit for sand storingland • Thisis • Violating prescribed conditions of LandPermit • Land Can not be used for commercial purposes (11th condition of the permit issuedunder • section 19 (2) of the Land Development Act No 27 of1981) • Land can not be sold or lease to a third party (section 46 of the Land developmentordinance • No 27 of1981) • Illegal activity – Owner should transfer the LDO permit to an Annualpermit, If the land using for commercialpurposes (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 (6) of the Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of1947) • Decreasing inlandrevenue • If someone use state land for commercialpurpose, • he needs to pay annual tax to the government (Regulation 215 (4) of the Crown Land Ordinance No 8of 1947) 2

  6. Related Previous Studies in SriLanka

  7. Focused and Unfocused Issues (SriLanka) • FocusedIssues • EnvironmentalIssues • Change the river shape, water pollution, river bank erosion, river siltation, salt water intrusion,reduce • ground water table, reduce ecosystem equilibrium, distrupt sedimentdeposition • EconomicIssues • reduce domestic water supply, damages to infrastructures (roads, bridges, electricity transmission towers), great impacts to small scale agricultureactivity • SocialIssuees • lower income people fall easily to illicit mining groups, uncovered pits cause health issues • Mining PolicyAmendments • Restriction of mining at vulnerable sites, community based management of mining industry, promoting alternatives for river sand, heavy penalty on illegal miners, rehabilitation programmes, monitoring system and composition of legal regulatory framework, networking and empowering community based organizations • UnfocusedIssues • State Land ManagementIssues • State Land PolicyAmendments 7

  8. My StudyObjectives • To determine the Interprovincial state land management issues of sand mining industry in Mahaweli river bank,Mahiyangana • Make necessary suggestions to the sand mining permit issuance process, Annual land permit issuance process, and existing land permit transferringprocess 9

  9. StudyArea • Mahiyangana & Minipe DivisionalSecretariat • 18 Grama Niladaridivisions • Length of Mahaweli river in study area – 15km • Lands Governed by Deputy Land Commissioneroffice 9

  10. Existing legal framework • Mines and Mineral act No 33 of1992 • Land Development Act No 27 of1981 • Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of1947 • State LandManagement Provincial Lands(Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution1987) Inter ProvincialLands (Land belongs to mega irrigation projects) (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment tothe constitution1987) Land Commissioner General Department (Land Development Act No27 Land Commissioner General Department (Land Development Act No27 of1981) Provincial Land Commissioner Offices (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution1987) of1981) Deputy LandCommissioner Offices (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution1987) Divisional SecretariatOffices (Land Development Act No 27 of 1981, Transfer of Power act No 58 0f1992) 10

  11. Current Sand Mining Permit IssuanceProcess Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) (section 2 of the Mines and Mineral act No 33 of 1992) Callingrecommendation Deputy Land CommissionerOffice Divisional Secretariat (Transfer of Power act No 58 of1992) Central Environmental Authority (National Environment Act No 47 of 1980) Givingrecommendation Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (Mines and Mineral act No 33 of1992) GSMB do not getting recommendation from Deputy Land Commissioner Office for issuing Mining permit (Schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution1987) Issuing Mining Permit (section 35 of the Mines and Mineralact) LandOwner/Lesee 11

  12. Current AnnualLand Permit IssuanceProcess Annual Permitrequester Request letter (Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of 1947 Regulation 215(6)) Forward withRecommendation Land Commissioner GeneralDepartment (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 Crown andOrdinance) Preliminary approval and calling prescribeddocuments Land Commissioner General Department (Section2 (5) Regulation 215 Crown LandOrdinance) Issuing Annualpermit Charging relevant tax and issuing permit (Crown Land ordinance No 8 of 1947, Regulation 215 (4) format LC78) Annual PermitHolder 12

  13. Contradictions Between Sand Mining Permit & LandPermit • Sand MiningPermit • If the sand storage land is owned by the government, permit holder should pay the charges to the relevant institution. (4th condition of Mining Permit, Mines & Minerals Act No 8 of1992) • If the Permit holder is not the land owner, he cannot proceed mining and storage without the land owners permission. (8th condition of Mining Permit, Mines & Minerals Act No 8 of 1992) • LandPermit • The permit holder should not use this land for commercial purposes otherthan residential or agricultural needs. (11th condition of Land permit, section 19(2) of Land Development Ordinance No 27 of 1981) • The permit holder should not dispose the land to any other third party .(13th condition of Land permit, section 19(2) of Land Development Ordinance No 27 of1981) 3 1

  14. Methodology • Combination of Qualitative & Quantitative approach • Qualitative data – interviews with targeted groups, questionnaire. • Quantitative data - official records of related governmentinstitutions.

  15. QuantitativeData • Target GovernmentInstitutions • Divisional Secretariats of Minipe & Mahiyangana(DS) • Geological Survey & Mines Bureau of Kandy & Badulla(GSMB) • Deputy Land Commissioner Office of Mahiyangana(DLC) • Number of sand mining permits recommended/approved ? (2008-2017) (GSMB, DS) • Number of complaints/petitions received against sand mining? (2008-2017) (GSMB, DS) • Number of LDO permits issued near Mahaweli river bank? (2008-2017)(DLC) • Number of land disputes recorded? (2008-2017)(DLC)

  16. QualitativeData • Target Groups, Sample size &Questions • 1. Sand mining permit holders (54)– • 18 Grama Niladari divisions (3 persons from eachdivision) • (No of mining Sand cubes, Monthly income & expenses, Paid loyaltytax, Awareness of permit conditions &suggestions) • 2. Sand storing land owners/ Land permit owners (54)– • 18 Grama Niladari divisions (3 persons from eachdivision) • (Land extent, Ownership of land, Mining permit owner or leaser, Awareness of sand& land permit conditions,suggestions) • 3. Colonization Officers of relevant divisions (8)– • (Number of LDO permit holders and number of land lessee in your division?, Importance your recommendation for sand permit issuance?, Reporteddisputes related to sandmining?)

  17. DataAnalysis • Quantitativedata • Basic Analytical Methods – mean, median, graphs,charts (to show the landcrisis) • Mathematical calculations – to show how government revenue canbe increased • QualitativeData • Sand miners and Land permit holders – to get generalfeedback • Colonization Officers – to get suggestions for final results andconclusions

  18. Futurework • Further literature survey and gather more knowledge • Data collection, analysis andInterpretation

  19. References • Arwa G.A. (2013), Sustainable Governance for Artisanal Sand Mining - Case of Kangonde Location, Masinga District. Research Project presented to the Department of Geography and Environmental studies, University of Nairobi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of Masters of Arts in Environmental Planning and Management. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/60467/Arwa_Sustainable%20Governance%20For%20Artisanal%20Sand%20Mining%20%20Case %20Of%20Kangonde%20Location%2C%20Masinga%20District.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Bogdanov V. L., Ryabov Yu. V., Burlakova M. K. (2017), Land Use Policy and Land Management in Estonia. Baltic Region; 9(1):91-104 DOI 10.5922/2079-8555-2017-1-8,https://journals.kantiana.ru/eng/baltic_region/ Farahani H, Bayazidi S. (2018), Modeling the assessment of socio-economical and environmental impacts of sand mining on local communities: A case study of Villages Tatao River Bank in North-western part of Iran. Resources Policy, Volume 55, Pages 87-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.11.001 Gavriletea, Dan M. (2017), Environmental Impacts of Sand Exploitation. Analysis of Sand Market. Sustainability; Basel: DOI:10.3390/su9071118 Gunaratne L.H.P. (2010) Policy Options for Sustainable River sand mining in Sri Lanka, Chapter from bookCost-Benefit Studies of Natural Resource Management in Southeast Asia(pp.201-223), DOI:10.1007/978-981-287-393-4_10 Hussain V, Hamid G, Bilal M, Yassen R, Anjum S., (2017), Environmeental Impact of Sand Mining in Malir River BedKarachi,Pakistan. Int. J.Econ. Environ. Geol. Vol. 8 (1) p.41-45 KHAN S , SUGIE A ., (2015), Sand Mining and Its Social Impacts on Local Society in Rural Bangladesh: A Case Study of a Village in Tangail District. JournalofUrbanandRegionalStudiesonContemporaryIndia,巻2, 号1 LeiShen,TaoDai,AaronJ.Gunson(2009),SmallScaleMininginChina–AssessingRecentAdvances inthePolicy&RegulatoryFramework. Resource Policy 34, p.150-157. Pereira, K., & Ratnayake, R. (2013). Water Integrity in Action: Curbing Illegal Sand Mining in Sri Lanka, Berlin, Germany: Water Integrity Network. Piyadasa R.U.K., Navarathna C.M., (2011), River Sand Mining in Southern Sri Lanka and its Effect on Environment. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS-AISH publication, p.148-153. Senarathna A. (2017) Evolution of Land Policy in Sri Lanka, http://www.ips.lk/images/News/2017/31_03_2017_Land/Athula_LandPolicy_IPS.pdf SyahP.R.I.,Hartuti,Purnaweni,(2018),LandUseandRiver DegradationImpactofSandandGravelMining.E3SWebofConferences,LesUlis:EDP Sciences.DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/20183109034 Zaharah Y., Mariani A, Sabrina A. (2018), Legislative Analysis on Quarry Rehabilitation in Selangor, Malaysia. Resources Policy, Volume 55, Pages 1-5. Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of 1947 in Sri Lanka,http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl14839.pdf Land Development Ordinance No 27 of 1981 in Sri Lanka, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl13623.pdf Mines and Mineral Act No 8 of 1992 in Sri Lanka,http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl91267.pdf Policy Report of Windhoek City in Namibia, 2017. Policy Towards Sustainable Sand Mining. http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/pdf/busi/CoW%20Sand%20Mining%20Policy%20-%20Final%20Policy.pdf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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