VO2pk 3.135 L

1. PAP = 252 W 125% 252 = 315 W Vo2max = 3135 ml.min 1.25 x 3135 = 3919 ml.min When y = 3919 x = 327 W PAP = 252 W 125% 252 = 315 W Vo2max = 3135 ml.min 1.25 x 3135 = 3919 ml.min When y = 3919 x = 327 W

2. i.e. things they need to think about if were undertaking a study looking at metabolic effects and need to controli.e. things they need to think about if were undertaking a study looking at metabolic effects and need to control

3. Gender Generally evidence supportive ? derive more energy from fat Lower RER submax exercise and relatively less glycogen depletion Need to control for menstrual phase in studies BUT premise not universally accepted. Mechanism? Sex hormones Oestrogen & progesterone inhibit CHO metabolism Oestrogen stims fat metabolism and may potentiate lipolytic effect of adrenaline (may overcome progesterone inhibits fat metabolism)

4. Age See reduced metabolism as age Loss LBM Both CHO and fat utilisation ?

5. Temperature ?temp (climate) ? higher resting metabolism Higher oxygen consumption during exercise due to ?core temp, energy sweating etc. Faster glycogen depletion, higher production [La] Cannot �melt� fat by running in heat & lots of clothing � wt loss is water! ?temp depends on body fat, clothing etc. ?MR due to shivering

6. Diet � eating before exercise CHO-rich meal 200-300g ? muscle and liver stores (Coyle et al., 1985) 3 effects of CHO in hours pre-exercise Transient fall in plasma glucose at exercise onset; Increased CHO oxidation (but more available) Blunting FA mobilisation and oxidation Overall no detrimental effect on performance � improved endurance capacity Even 1hr before will increase liver stores. E.g. porridge with skim milk, banana, glass OJ (often breakfast) 4 slices bread with jam/honey and soft drink 3 cups rice with lean chicken, and veg and OJEven 1hr before will increase liver stores. E.g. porridge with skim milk, banana, glass OJ (often breakfast) 4 slices bread with jam/honey and soft drink 3 cups rice with lean chicken, and veg and OJ

7. Evidence that fat is metabolised during exercise Krough & Lindhard (1920) Several days low CHO, high fat diet Bacon, butter, cream, eggs and cabbage! 2 hrs cycling, RER = 0.85 � 0.9 normal diet 0.95 high CHO 0.8 high fat Higher RPE, and tiredness post-exercise Can tell from BLC and RER whether person has had breakfast or not!Can tell from BLC and RER whether person has had breakfast or not!

8. Effect of duration and intensity Fat oxidation increases with duration (Edwards et al, 1934; Christensen and Hansen, 1939) Fat predominant fuel at low exercise intensities As intensity ? %contribution from fat ? (absolute amount may increase) >75%VO2max fat oxidation inhibited blood flow to adipose is reduced lactic acid increases re-esterification of fa�s Max rates of fat oxidation at 62-63% VO2max (Achten et al., 2002, 2003)

9. Effect of training status Training increases IMTG contribution Training ? greater use of fat and sparing of glycogen Increased mitochondria and oxidative enzymes Increased capillary density enhancing delivery Increased transport proteins � both in cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane But trained can run faster and intensity increases glycogen utilisationBut trained can run faster and intensity increases glycogen utilisation

10. Warm-up Effects on VO2 kinetics Blood lactate and oxygen deficit PCr? Aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism Vasodilation, bohr effect Temperature effect Foil from BS153Foil from BS153

11. Other effectors of VO2 kinetics 2 weeks repeated sprint training (3x/week, 4 � 7 x 30s) ? fast O2 kinetics and reduction slow component (Bailey et al., 2009) Faster oxygen uptake in sprint or endurance trained? Beetroot? (Nitrate) � reduced oxygen cost submax exercise Pacing � faster start Bicarbonate

12. Recent studies Berger et al., (2006) NaHCO3 delays appearance of the slow component Bicarb might increase flux of H+ out of muscle, reducing fatigue development and recruitment of higher-order muscle fibres. Suggests may be beneficial in longer duration eventsBicarb might increase flux of H+ out of muscle, reducing fatigue development and recruitment of higher-order muscle fibres. Suggests may be beneficial in longer duration events

13. REFERENCING We do not quote excessively In UG handbook (Hardcopy) and on Intranet (in handbook under Assessment) Referencing in text (�citation�): �Smith (1989) reported that�� or �X was discovered by Smith and Jones (1989)� One author: (Smith, 2004) Two authors: (Smith and Jones, 2002) More than two authors: (Smith et al., 2008) Two or more papers by the same authors in the same year (Smith et al., 2002a and b) Reference lists: must be in alphabetical order at the end of the work. Smith, J.C. (2001) Effect of inhibition of PARP-1. Journal of Cell Science, 47, 123-132. i.e. Surname(s), initial(s), year, title of paper, journal (in italics), volume (in bold) and first and last page number. The issue number is not required.