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Outline of Presentation. Data - Outcrops, well log
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1. Sedimentological Processes Modeling Christopher G. St.C. Kendall
3. Sequence Stratigraphy History 1791 - William Smith established relationship of sedimentary rocks to geologic time
1962 - Hess proposed the theory of sea-floor spreading
1963 - Vine & Matthews identified deep ocean paleomagnetic "stripes“
1965 - Wilson began developing the theory of plate tectonics
1977 - Vail proposed the discipline of sequence stratigraphy
4. Types of Simulations Sedimentary modeling:
Carbonates vs. clastics
Stochastic vs. deterministic
Fuzzy vs. empirical
Small vs large oceanic basins
5. Traditional Use of Sedimentary Simulations Understand complexities of clastic or carbonate stratigraphy
Identify & model sedimentary systems.
Quantify models that explain & predict stratal geometries within sequences.
Used by specialized experts who design & build the simulations.
6. Sedimentological Processes Modeling Inverse conceptual simulation models
Numerical forward modeling advanced.
Short-term, high-resolution local events vs a long-term regional events
7. Approaches to modeling Geometric models Fixed depositional geometries are assumed
Conservation of mass
Simple computations through general nonlinear dynamic models
Variations in depositional geometries
Variations in surface slope vs discharge
More complex computationally
8. Some sedimentary models Short-term local events
9. Ross et al., 1995
Jervey, 1988
Perlmutter et al., 1998 Geometric Model
11. Geometric Models “Jurassic Tank” Chris Paola, 2002.
12. Geometric Model
13. Uses by Specialized Users John W. Harbaugh 3D sedimentary fill
Carey et al., model high-resolution sequence stratigraphy
Bowman & Vail empirical stratigraphic interpretion - stratigraphy of the Baltimore Canyon
Kendall et al., empirical stratigraphic simulator for Bahamas
Syvitski et al., model links fluvial discharge, suspended sediment plume, associated turbidites, the effects of slope stability, debris flow, and downslope diffusion
14. Approaches to modeling Geometric models Aigner - Deterministic 2D
Bosence et al. - 3D Forward & Fieldwork
Bosscher - 2D Forward Model
Bowman - Forward Model
Cowell - Shoreface Model
Cross and Duan - 3D Forward Model
Demicco - Fuzzy Modeling
15. Aigner - Deterministic 2D
Bosence et al. - 3D Forward & Fieldwork
Bosscher - 2D Forward Model
Bowman - Forward Model
Cowell - Shoreface Model
Cross and Duan - 3D Forward Model
Demicco - Fuzzy Modeling
17. Why limited use of simulations Software integrates seismic, well logs, outcrops & current depositional systems
On site interpretations & evalutation of data revealing origin of sediment depositional systems
Models explain sedimentary geometries displayed on interpreted seismic & well log sections
18. Historically sedimentary modeling derived from real data Seismic
Wells.
Outcrop
But less from:
Holocene
19. Seismic
20. Wells
21. Outcrops
22. Outcrops
23. Simulation Data Needs Models are commonly based on subsurface
Input variables known but values are inferred from geologic record
Need to refine observations at deposition
Complexity needs to be handled by a team approach
25. United Arab Emirate Coast
26. United Arab Emirate Coast
27. Power of Simulation Movies Annotated movies of sedimentary simulation show evolution of sedimentary geometries in response to variations in rates of:
Sedimentation
Tectonic movement
Sea-level position
28. Clastic Simulation
29. Clastic Simulation
30. Clastic Simulation
31. Clastic Simulation
32. Clastic Simulation
33. Clastic Simulation
34. Clastic Simulation
35. Clastic Simulation
36. Clastic Simulation
37. Clastic Simulation
38. Clastic Simulation
39. Clastic Simulation
40. Clastic Simulation
41. Clastic Simulation
42. Clastic Simulation
43. Clastic Simulation
44. Clastic Simulation
45. Clastic Simulation
46. Clastic Simulation
47. Clastic Simulation
48. Clastic Simulation
49. Clastic Simulation
50. Clastic Simulation
51. Clastic Simulation
52. Clastic Simulation
53. Clastic Simulation
54. Clastic Simulation
55. Clastic Simulation
56. Clastic Simulation
57. Clastic Simulation
58. Geometric Effects of Sea Level Change On-lap with rising sea level
Off-lap with falling sea level
By-pass at low stands of sea level
Erosion at low stands of sea level
Ravinement with sea level transgressions
Landward continental clastics at high stands
Seaward carbonates at high stands
59. Chronostratigraphic Chart
60. Chronostratigraphic Chart
61. Chronostratigraphic Chart
62. Chronostratigraphic Chart
63. Chronostratigraphic Chart
64. Chronostratigraphic Chart
65. Chronostratigraphic Chart
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81. Chronostratigraphic Chart
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84. Chronostratigraphic Chart
85. Chronostratigraphic Chart
86. Chronostratigraphic Chart
87. Chronostratigraphic Chart
88. Chronostratigraphic Chart
89. Chronostratigraphic Chart
90. Venezuelan Example
91. Example 1: Well Log Correlation
92. Example 1: Well Log Correlation
93. Example 1: Well Log Correlation
94. Venezuelan - Example
95. Venezuelan - Example
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120. Sedimentary Simulations & Sequence Stratigraphy Factors controlling sequence stratigraphic geometries
Efficient interpretations of data
Enhances biostratigraphy & infers ages
Quantifies models
Identifies & models ancient sedimentary systems
Sharing data with others
121. Potential use of sedimentary simulations Stratal architecture - hydrocarbon exploration
Water storage & geochemistry of hydrologic cycle
Natural hazards assessment of risk
Landscapes management
Sedimentary basins as incubators of the deep biosphere
Control carbon & other elemental cycles from sedimentary basins & eroded landscapes
Tracking global & regional climate change
122. Sedimentary Simulations Conclusions Earlier sedimentary simulation modelled large scale processes
Will focus on smaller scale processes, to predict distribution of heterogeneous sedimentary facies from
123. Simulation Design The design & use of sedimentary simulations involves:
Complexity of stratigraphic geometries and sedimentation
Changes in base level
Data sources & quality
Types of output
Sensitivity of the results to errors in data input & model used
124. Simulations - which way? Sedimentary models are a mix of deterministic and process driven
Input variables are know but their value has to inferred from the geologic record
Sedimentary models are going 3D
Subsurface models are commonly oil field based
Movies are worth a thousand words
125. Future Directions Interconnected modules of numerical process simulations
Track the evolution of sedimentary basins & their associated landscapes
Time scales ranging from individual events to many millions of years
126. Community Model
127. Conclusions – Future Emphasis has been switched to whether:
One process should be coupled or uncoupled with respect to another
A particular process is deterministic or stochastic
Analytical solutions have yet been formulated for a particular process
Processes can be scaled across time and space
Developing adequate databases on key parameters from field or laboratory measurement
Levels of simplification (1D, 2D, 3D)