Ancient Greece

1. Ancient Greece 1900-133 B.C.

3. Impact of Geography The mountains that divided Greece led to cultural and political divisions between Greeks. However, the seas linked Greece to the rest of the world

4. Mountains 80% mountains Olympus highest peak Isolation in small river valleys between high mountains Developed own way of life Rivalry led to warfare

5. Seas Aegean Sea, Mediterranean, Ionian Seas Surround pensula Many small islands Seafarers Setup colonies Contact with other people

6. Minoans and Mycenaeans The Mycenaeans created the first Greek civilization

7. Minoan Civilization 2700 B.C.-1450 B.C. Bronze Age Island of Crete Not Greek but influenced Greek mainland Palace at Knossos Center of sea empire Destroyed by Greeks or Tidal wave from earthquake from volcanic eruption

8. Mycenae: The First Greek State 1600 B.C.-1100B.C. Powerful monarchies Lived in walled palaces Royal families buried in tombs Warrior people Spread empire to Crete and Aegean islands Homer�s story of Troy 1100B.C. empire collapses from civil war and invasion by other Greek-speaking peoples

9. Greeks in the Dark Ages Greek civilization was slow to recover from the several centuries of instability that followed the fall of the Mycenaens. Called so due to lack of records for this time

10. Changes of the Dark Ages Left mainland for islands, and Ionia Aeolian North and central Greece Dorians South and west Greece Increase in trade, and iron use, increase in food 700 B.C. adopt Phoenician alphabet (24 letters)

11. Homer: Poet of the Dark Age Epic poems: Illiad and Odyssey Story of Troy Later Greeks looked at stories as true history Taught courage and honor Model of heroism and honor Taught to be proud of heritage

12. The Greek City-States 4.2

13. Polis: The Center of Greek Life The polis or city-state was the central focus of Greek life. The citizens of a polis had defined rights and responsibilities, as well as a strong identity and loyalty that kept the city-states divided

14. Organization of the City-State Gathering place was a hill Fortified area at Top of hill- acropolis Place to go during attack And religious center Open area below acropolis-Agora Place to assemble Market place Varied by sizes 300,000- a few hundred

15. Community of the City-State Shared common identity and goals Citizens with political rights (adult males) Citizens without political right (women and children) Noncitizens (agricultural laborers, slaves, and resident aliens) Military service changes Hoplites- heavily armed foot soldiers Fought as a unit phalanx

16. Greek Expansion The search for farmland and the growth of trade resulted in colonization and the spread of Greek culture and political ideas. 750 B.C.-550 B.C.

17. Greek Colonies Southern Italy, Southern France, Eastern Spain, Northern Africa west of Egypt Spread culture and political ideas Led to increased trade and industry Exported pottery, wine, olive oil Imported grains, metals, fish, timber, wheat, slaves Increased trade increased wealth Lead to conflict between aristocrats and new rich

18. Tyranny in the City-States Tyrants are not necessarily bad, just people who seized power Kept power by hired soldiers Rule of tyrants end rule of aristocrats Once rule was over, new people were allowed to participate Democracy Oligarchy

19. Two Rival City-States Sparta and Athens developed different systems of government.

20. Sparta Conquered Laconia for land and larger Messenia Made them serfs (helots) Made military state to control serfs Strict lifestyle Men served in Military until 60 at 30 vote in assembly Women lived at home, head of home life Expected to be healthy to raise children

21. Oligarchy Two kings: led army Ephors: 5 elected men Educate young and conduct of citizens Council of Elders 2 kings and 28 citizens over 60 Presented information to assembly Assembly: Men over 30 Voted on issues, did not debate Not allowed to Travel Outsiders not welcome Discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or arts. Studied Art of War

22. Athens Early Athens ruled by King 7th Century B.C. oligarchy under aristocrats Owned best land All citizen assembly had few powers Framers sold into slavery civil war seemed likely Aristocrats give full power to Solon Cancels all debt and freed those sold in slavery Refused to give land to poor

23. 560 B.C. Peisistratus seized power Increased trade to please merchants Gave aristocrats land to peasants 510 overthrew Peisistratus�s son 508 Cleisthenes with people�s support Created council of 500 Supervised foreign affairs Oversaw the treasury Proposed laws Athenian assembly: all males Passed laws after free and open debate Foundations of Athenian democracy

24. Classical Greece 4.3

25. The Challenge of Persia The Greek states of Athens and Sparta formed alliances to defeat the Persian invaders. Ionian Greek fall to Persians 499 B.C. Ionians and Athenian Navy revolt Darius wants revenge 490 Persians land in Marathon Athens defeats Persians

26. 486 Xerxes becomes king 480 invades Greece Persians defeat Greeks and Athens flees city 479 B.C. Largest Greek army is assembled and defeat Persians

27. Athenian Empire During the Age of Pericles, Athens became the center of Greek culture. Athens creates Delian League Defense alliance Headquarter at Delos Many Athenians in leadership Liberated Greek colonies 461 moved treasury to Athens

28. The Age of Pericles Pericles dominant Athenian 461-429 B.C. Created direct democracy All male citizens participated Meet every 10 days Allowed poor to hold office by paying officers Large body of officials ran government on daily basis Ostracism: anyone who received 6,000 votes was kicked out of the city for 10 years Athens the center of Greek culture

29. Daily Life Classical Athens Largest pop Slavery was common Most people owned at least one State owned slaves worked on public projects Most residents of Athens were not citizens

30. Economy and Society Economy based on farming and trade Grapes, veggies, fruit, sheep, milk, dairy products Exported olive oil and wine Imported 50-80 percent of grain Family Husband, wife, children, slaves, other dependants Producing children was main goal

31. Family cont. Women were excluded from public life Had to have male companion to leave house Work in house or supervise slaves who worked in home Could not own property or other personal items Only worked outside home if poor Male guardians No formal education

32. The Great Peloponnesian War The creation of an Athenian empire led to tensions with Sparta and, eventually war. Sparta and allies Distrusted growing Athens Disliked Athenian way of life Athens and allies Disliked Sparta way

33. Athens planned to stay inside cities walls and Sparta hoped Athens would come out and fight 2nd year of war plague broke out Killed 1/3 of people Pericles dies Lasted 25 years Athens fleet defeated 405 B.C.

34. Athens surrendered Navy disbanded Walls torn down Thebes, Sparta, and Athens struggled to lead War ruined chance of cooperation Weakened most city states Ignored threat of Macedonia to the north

35. The Culture of Classical Greece 4.4

36. Greek Religion Greek religion was fundamental to Greek society and is remembered today for the Olympic Games and Greek drama, which were part of religious festivals Religion necessary to well-being of state Temples major building in Greek cities 12 chief gods lived on Mt. Olympus

37. Gods Zeus-chief god and father of gods Athena-goddess of wisdom Apollo- god of sun and poetry Artemis-goddess of moon and hunt Ares-god of war Aphrodite goddess of love Poseidon- god of sea and earthquake/Zeus�s brother

38. Spirits of most people went to Underworld ruled by god Hades Rituals with prayers and gifts I gave to you, you will give to me Festivals to honor gods/goddesses Olympic festival 776 B.C. Oracles revealed future from gods Priest or priestess Apollo at Delphi most famous

39. Classical Greek Arts and Literature Greece produced groundbreaking art and literature that is till considered relevant. Based on religion, no longer practiced Passed down by Romans Human being object of great beauty

40. Architecture and Sculpture Temple most important Originally made of wood, 5th century B.C. marble Open structures Parthenon Built 447-432 B.C. God Athena Calmness, clarity, and freedom from unnecessary detail. Sculpture: human ideal figure

41. Drama Basis of western drama Plays presented in outdoor theaters First were tragedies Trilogy Aeschylus- only trilogy remaining Sophocles- Oedipus Rex Euripides-challenged traditional values Question: good and evil, rights of individual, nature of divine forces, nature of human beings Comedies Entertain and provoke a reaction

42. The Writing of History Herodotus-wrote History of the Persian Wars First real history Thucydides- wrote history of Peloponnesian War General who fought in war Saw war and politics as act of men and gods Emphasis on accuracy

43. Greek Philosophy Three great Greek philosophers- Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- established the foundations of Western philosophy Pythagoras- thought music and numbers explained the universe.

44. Sophists Wondering teachers Impossible for people to understand universe; improve self Sold services as teachers Rhetoric-persuasive speaking and writing No absolute right or wrong Purse one�s own good Thought dangerous to values of young people

45. Socrates Took no pay Left no writing Goal of education was only to improve the individual Ethics- living moral lives, could be taught Socratic method- question Sentenced to death for corrupting youth

46. Plato Student of Socrates Wrote a great deal The Republic Democracy bad- people can not lead self Philosopher King Warriors Rest Men and women should be educated equally and equally access Reason, courage, and desire work together Opened Academy

47. Aristotle Academy most famous student Created Study of logic, biology, and physics First steps of Scientific method Looked at 158 constitutions Monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional governments best

48. Alexander and the Hellenistic Era 4.5

49. Macedonians Invade Greece Under Alexander the Great, Macedonians, and Greeks conquered the Persian Empire

50. Philip and Alexander In 359 B.C. Philip II built a powerful army Wanted all of Greece under their control Athens and Greeks fear Philip 338 B.C. Greeks crushed Controlled Greece Forced Greeks to join him against Persia Philip assassinated Alexander was 20 Moved quickly to attack Persia for burning Athens in 480 B.C.

51. Alexander�s Conquests 334 B.C. entered Asia 37,000 troops, 5,000 cavalry 335 B.C Freed Ionian Greek cities 332 B.C. Conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt Built Alexandria as Greek City State 331 B.C. Take rest of Persian empire 326 B.C. Reaches India Soldiers want to turn back he agrees 323 B.C. Dies due to wounds, fever, alcohol (32)

52. Alexander�s Legacy Conquest brought wealth to Macedonia and Greece Creation of Monarchies Spread Greek language, architecture, literature, and art spread throughout Southwest Asia. Greeks absorbed aspects of Eastern culture

53. Hellenistic Era As a result of Alexander�s conquests, Hellenistic cities became centers for the spread of Greek language, art, architecture, and literature. Hellenistic- to imitate Greeks

54. Hellenistic Kingdom Empire falls after death Breaks into 4 kingdoms Macedonia, Syria in east, Pergamum (western Asia), Egypt Everything done in Greek/ Greek ruling class Encouraged Greeks to move to new cities in kingdoms Soldiers and administrators

55. Hellenistic Arts and Literature Alexanderia and Pergamum Libraries and museums Scholars, artist, philosophers, scientists Built baths, theaters, and temples Built thousands of statues Less about ideal form and more real Subsidized writers Little has survived Argonautica- Jason�s search for golden fleece Short poems instead of epic Athens the center of theatre New comedies to only entertains

56. Science and Philosophy Eratosthenes circumference of earth Euclid- Elements textbook on plane geometry. Archimedes-Geometry of spheres and cylinders, pi, Archimedes� screw (pump). Epicureanism- pursuit of pleasure Freedom from emotional turmoil and worry Centered on friendship away from public life Stoicism Harmony with gods Public service noble (good citizen)