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Files and Buffer Manager

Files and Buffer Manager. Chapter 15. Abstractions Provided by the File Manager.

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Files and Buffer Manager

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  1. Files and Buffer Manager Chapter 15

  2. Abstractions Provided by the File Manager • Device independence: The file manager turns the large variety of external storage devices, such as disks (with their different numbers of cylinders, tracks, arms, and read/write heads), ram-disks, tapes, and so on, into simple abstract data types. • Allocation independence: The file manager does its own space management for storing the data objects presented by the client. It may store the same objects in more than one place (replication). Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  3. Abstractions Provided by the File Manager • Address independence: Whereas objects in main memory are always accessed through their addresses, the file manager provides mechanisms for associative access. Thus, for example, the client can request access to all records with a specified value in some field of the record. Support for associative access comes in many flavors, from simple mechanisms yielding fast retrieval via the primary key up to the expressive power of the SQL select statement. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  4. External Storage vs. Main Memory • Capacity: Main memory is usually limited to a size that is some orders of magnitude smaller than what large databases need. • Economics: External storage holds large volumes of data at reasonable cost. • Durability: Main memory is volatile. External storage devices such as magnetic or optical disks are inherently durable and therefore are appropriate for storing persistent objects. After a crash, recovery starts with what is found in durable storage. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  5. External Storage vs. Main Memory • Speed: External storage devices are some orders of magnitude slower than main memory. As a result, it is more costly, both in terms of latency and in terms of pathlength, to get data from external storage to the CPU than to load data from main memory. • Functionality: Data cannot be processed directly on external storage: they can neither be compared nor modified “out there.” Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  6. The Storage Pyramid current data Electronic RAM and bulk main storage memory stale Magnetic online data / optical external disks storage near line Automated archives (archive) (e.g. optical disk storage jukeboxes, tape robots, etc.) typical capacity Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  7. Interfacing to External Memory:Read-Write Mapping Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  8. Interfacing to External Memory:File Mapping Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  9. External Storage File A File C File D File B Virtual File B File C File D File A memory Explicit mapping Main Memory Interfacing to External Memory:Single-Level Storage Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  10. Locality and Cacheing The movement of data through the pyramid is guided by the principle of locality: • Locality of active data: Data that have recently been referenced will very likely be referenced again. • Locality of passive data: Data that have not been referenced recently will most likely not be referenced in the future. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  11. Transaction Application programs sort, join,... setoriented DBMS access Application database Tuple access management, modules read, write associative access tuple logging oriented recovery main access memory databaseb manages Buffer management uffer mgr. block oriented access online media manages File management external and file memory manager device oriented access nearline external manages archive Archive management memory manager Levels of Abstraction in a File and Database Manager Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  12. Operations of the Basic File System STATUS create(filename, allocparmp) STATUS delete(filename) STATUS open(filename, ACCESSMODE, FILEID); STATUS close(FILEID) STATUS extend(FILEID, allocparmp) STATUS read(FILEID, BLOCKID, BLOCKP) STATUS readc(FILEID, BLOCKID, blockcount, BLOCKP) STATUS write(FILEID, BLOCKID, BLOCKP) STATUS writec(FILEID, BLOCKID, blockcount, BLOCKP) Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  13. Mapping Files To Disk Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  14. Issues in Managing Disk Space • Initial allocation: When a file is created, how many contiguous slots should be allocated to it? • Incremental expansion: If an existing file grows beyond the number of slots currently allocated, how many additional contiguous blocks should be assigned to that file? • Reorganization: When and how should the free space on the disk be reorganized? Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  15. Extent-Based Allocation Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  16. Buddy Systems Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  17. Simple Mapping of Relations To Disks Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  18. A Usual Way of Mapping of Relations To Disks Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  19. Principles of the Database Buffer Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  20. Design Options for the Buffer Manager • Buffer per file: Each file has its own private buffer pool.. • Buffer per page size: In systems with different page (and block) sizes, there is usually at least one buffer for each page size. • Buffer per file type: There are files like indices, which are accessed in a significantly different way from other files. Therefore, some systems dedicate buffers to files depending on the access pattern and try to manage each of them in a way that is optimal for the respective file organization. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  21. Logic of the Buffer Manager • Search in buffer: Check if the requested page is in the buffer. If found, return the address F of this frame to the caller. • Find free frame: If the page is not in the buffer, find a frame that holds no valid page. • Determine replacement victim: If no such frame exists, determine a page that can be removed from the buffer (in order to reuse its frame). Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  22. Logic of the Buffer Manager • Write modified page: If replacement page has been changed, write it. • Establish frame address: Denote the start address of the frame as F. • Determine block address: Translate the requested PAGEID P into a FILEID and a block number. Read the block into the frame selected. • Return: Return the frame address F to the caller. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  23. Synchronization in the Buffer Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  24. What the Buffer Manager Does for Synchronization • Sharing: Pages are made addressable to all processes that run the database code. • Semaphore protection: Each requestor gets the address of a semaphor protecting the page. • Durable storage: The access modules inform the buffer manager if their page access has resulted in an update of the page; the actual write operation, however, is issued by the buffer manager, probably at a time when the update transaction is long gone. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  25. The Interface to the Buffer Manager typedef struct {PAGEID pageid; /* id of page in file */ PAGEPTR pageaddr; /* base addr. in buffer */ int index; /* record within page */ semaphore * pagesem; /* pointer to the sem. */ Boolean modified; /* caller modif. page */ Boolean invalid; /* destroyed page */ } BUFFER_ACC_CB, *BUFFER_ACC_CBP; /* control block for buffer access */ Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  26. The Need for Fix and Unfix Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  27. The Fix-Use-Unfix Protocol I • FIX: The client requests access to a page using the bufferfix interface. • USE: The client uses the page and the pointer to the frame containing the page will remain valid. • UNFIX: The client explicitly waives further usage of the frame pointer; that is, it tells the buffer manager that it no longer wants to use that page. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  28. The Fix-Use-Unfix Protocol II Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  29. Structure of the Buffer Manager Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  30. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Logging and Recovery from the Buffer Manager's Perspective I Transaction Buffer Database Remark running OK; old state in DB running OK; old state in DB running database corrupted running conflicting view on TA committed OK; Read-only TA committed DB not in new state committed database corrupted committed OK; new state in DB Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  31. Logging and Recovery from the Buffer Manager's Perspective II result of recovery state of state of using operation log transaction page A in TA database wrong tuple might be deleted aborted old inverse operation succeeds aborted new committed old operation succeeds duplicate of tuple is inserted new committed Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  32. The Log and Page LSNs Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  33. Different Buffer Management Policies • Steal policy: When the buffer manager needs space, it can decide to replace dirty pages. • No-Steal policy: Pages can be replaced only if they are clean. • Force policy: At end of transaction, all modified pages are forced to disk in a series of synchronous write operations. • No-Force policy: No modified page is forced during commit. REDO log records are written to the log. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  34. durable storage force page A bufferpool update TA1 operations TA2 TA3 TA4 TA5 TA6 TA7 TA8 log The dotted arrows indicate an update of the page by the respective transaction.The arrows at 45 degrees indicate the forced writing of the page during commit processing.The downward arrows indicate the writing of log records for the respective transaction. The Problem of Hotspot Pages Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  35. The Basic Checkpoint Algorithm • Quiesce: Delay all incoming update DML calls until all fixes with exclusive semaphores have been released. • Flush the buffer: Write all modified pages. • Log the checkpoint: Write a record to the log, saying that a checkpoint has been generated. • Resume normal operation: The bufferfix requests for updates that have been delayed in order to take the checkpoint can now be processed again. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  36. The Case for Indirect Checkpointing Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  37. The Indirect Checkpointing Algorithm • Record TOC: Log the list of PAGEIDs. • Compare with prev. ckpt: See if any modified pages have not been replaced since last ckpt. • Force lazy pages: Schedule the writing of those pages during the next checkpoint interval. • Low-water mark: Find the LSN of the oldest still-volatile update; write it to the log. • Write “Checkpoint done” record • Resume normal operation Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  38. Further Possibilities for Optimization • Pre-flushing can be performed by an asynchronous process that scans the buffer for "old" modified pages. Writing is done under semaphore protection. • Pre-fetching can, among other things, be used to make restart more efficient. If page reads are logged one can use the recent checkpoint plus the log to prime the bufferpool, i.e. it will look almost exactly like at the moment of the crash. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

  39. Further Possibilities for Optimization Transaction scheduling and buffer management can take hints from the query optimizer: • This relation will be scanned sequentially. • This is a sequential scan of the leaves of a B-tree. • This is the traversal of a B-tree, starting at the root. • This is a nested-loop join, where the inner relation is scanned in physically sequential order. Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter Transaction Processing - Concepts and Techniques WICS August 2 - 6, 1999

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