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Geographical Basics

Scales in Geography Scalar and Categorical Linkages Space and Place Borders and Networks Environment/Society Relations Cultural Landscapes. Geographies of Distance Identity and Gender. Geographical Basics. Scales in Geography. Global World-regional (e.g. North America)

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Geographical Basics

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  1. Scales in Geography Scalar and Categorical Linkages Space and Place Borders and Networks Environment/Society Relations Cultural Landscapes Geographies of Distance Identity and Gender Geographical Basics

  2. Scales in Geography • Global • World-regional (e.g. North America) • 3. State (e.g. United States) • 4. Regional (e.g. American West • 5. Metropolitan Region (e.g. Denver Metro) • 6. Locality (e.g. Boulder) • Neighborhood (e.g. the “Hill’) • Household: Gender relations, Age relations • Personal: Body/Emotions/Identity/Spirituality

  3. PyramidModel 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

  4. Scale Elements 1. Linkages horizontally - same scale2. Linkages vertically - across scales3. Jumping Scales4. Different agencies important at different scales5. Different processes (e.g. political, economic, social, etc) important at different scales

  5. Regional Linkages W. Europe E.Europe South America Russia CentralAsia S.E. Asia China/E. Asia Middle East S. Asia Mexico, Central America and Caribbean Africa North America

  6. Intra-regional linkages • War in Congo • West African wars • War in Vietnam • Central Asia—oil • Caribbean, Southeast Asian economic organizations

  7. Vertical Linkages World Trade Organization US Governnment State of Colorado City of Boulder

  8. Horizontal Municipal Linkages World Trade Organization US Government State of Colorado Jalapa, Nicaragua City of Boulder Dushanbe, Tajikistan

  9. Horizontal Municipal Linkages Mexican Government Congreso Nacional Indigena de Mexico State of Chiapas San Cristobal De las Casas Indigenous Comm. Cuchumatones Guatemala

  10. Cross Categorical Linkages Environmental Cultural Geopolitical Population Economic

  11. Cross Scalar/Cross Categorical Linkages • State-Global Economy • State-Household • Transnational Social Movement-State • Global Economy-Body

  12. Jumping Scales World Trade Organization Myanmar US Government State of Colorado City of Boulder Dushanbe, Tajikistan

  13. Jumping Scalesthe Boomerang Effect Government Of Mexico Govs of Germany, France Spain Etc. Chiapas San Cristobal de las Casas Cleveland

  14. Space Literally “area”, but two meanings are more prevalent in Geography. • Absolute or abstract space: the sort of space that acts as a container for things • Social or relative space: space produced through social interaction. Societies produce space and space, in turn, produces societies. • Public space: space made available by the government or by private groups for political or leisurely activity

  15. Place • A portion of geographical space occupied by a person or thing, and thus given meaning. Place is constructed out of interconnected processes operating at all scales, but which come together in a unique configuration at a particular location.

  16. Borders • Political borders: • National • Municipal • Human borders: • Societal/Ethnic/Racial: Difference • Personal • Absolute borders/barriers • Permeable borders/barriers • Do Borders Still Matter?

  17. Networks Networks • The Geography of Orange Juice • Things as networks • Places as networks • Doreen Massey: “Power Geometries”

  18. Environment-Society Relations • Environmental Determinism: The theory that the physical environment (especially climate) controls human character and behavior and consequently human cultures and societies. • Cultural Landscape: The environment as it is altered by humans via the construction of built forms; the natural landscape as altered by humans. • Political Ecology: the geographical study of the political processes at various scales that cause ecological change in a place or region

  19. Diffusion • The movement of an innovation (or other phenomenon) across space. • Hierarchical diffusion • Contagious diffusion • Relocation diffusion

  20. Migration • Push Factors: • Conditions that cause people to leave their area • Pull Factors: • Conditions that attract people to another location

  21. Geopolitics • the study of control over territory, of power over the earth and the peoples on it. Frequently, associated with how large scale political processes influence international relations, but can also refer to much smaller scale struggles for control over territory and the shape of political and social life. • Key factor in development trends and options

  22. Geopolitics III-scales • Internal (inside the state) • Regional • International • Transnational • Supranational

  23. Geographies of Distance • Friction of Distance: reduced w/globalization • Action at a Distance: enabled w/globalization • Time Space Compression-David Harvey • Time-Space Convergence: reduction of time required. to move people or goods over distances • Cost-Space Convergence: reduction of expenditures, especially relative to income, required to move people or goods over distances

  24. Time Space Convergence Time 1800 1900 2000 YEAR

  25. Cost-space Convergence Time 1800 1900 2000 YEAR

  26. CommunicationConvergence Time Lag Time / Cost Cost 1800 1900 2000 YEAR

  27. Identity • The individual expression of a culture or multiplicity of cultures; how one person associates or distinguishes his or herself in the context of existing cultures • National identity • Ethnicity or Race • Religion • Gender identity • Spanning identities/shifting identities with global change, development • Where development “touches down” in the individual

  28. Gender • Social elaboration of sex-based differences. “Gender” is usually used to indicate the cultural or social aspects of sex differences that develop over space and time rather than the limited natural differences between sexes. • How do gendered social relations vary over space and time and how are these implicated in development processes at various scales? • Household -State • Community -Global • Recently has become extremely relevant to development

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