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What are the types of publications?. Primary researchSecondary researchTertiary researchThe closer to primary, the more _____________ the research.. What is primary literature?. Backbone of scienceSynopsis of lab and analytical workAlways peer reviewed (we'll discuss this shortly). What is primary literature?.
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1. Medical literature: a quick guide
3. What is primary literature? Backbone of science
Synopsis of lab and analytical work
Always peer reviewed (we’ll discuss this shortly)
4. What is primary literature? Based on hypothetico-deductive method
Form hypothesis and null hypothesis
Derive if-then statements and test
Goal: reject null hypothesis
Another goal: support hypothesis!
5. What are type I and II errors? Type I error: accidentally reject null when you should have accepted it.
Type II error: accidentally reject alternate hypothesis when you should have accepted it.
6. What is peer review?
7. What is peer review? Researchers in same topic area review and edit submitted works
Works published only after editing and approval
Quality control system
Peer-reviewed papers are the most credible sources of information
Almost all primary literature is peer-reviewed
If it isn’t, consider the information twice!
8. How do I identify peer-reviewed journals? Look for contributing author instructions
Look at first page of article for list of dates:
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
11. What is secondary literature? AKA review papers
Summary/synthesis of primary lit. in one topic area
Addresses current research on a question
Authors often write them to present new hypothesis before doing research
Allows them to “scoop” other researchers
Many studies weighed against each other
Exhaustive evaluation
Usually peer-reviewed
12. What is tertiary literature? Least likely of three types to be accurate
Why?
Articles usually aimed at people who are not experts on the subject
Frequently made for the lay person
Very common that writer has no background in topic area
e.g. reporters
13. How do I know I’m looking at primary literature? Format
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Double-blind is the gold standard
Random sample, at least 20 subjects, much better if 100+
Results
Conclusion (discussion)
Usually peer-reviewed
Authors credentials always identified
14. Where do I find primary literature? Journals covering narrow topic area
J. of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
Postgraduate Medicine
J. of Infectious Diseases
Library—almost all primary lit. is by subscription only
18. How do I know I’m looking at secondary literature? A bit more general than primary lit.
Usually longer, with very long citations section (sometimes into the hundreds!)
Often with table of contents
Title often includes phrases like…
A review of…
New ideas/insights/thoughts on…
An update on…
A history of…
Advances in…
Perspectives on…
Methods section missing
22. Where do I find secondary literature? Library—same reason as for primary lit.
Some review article appear in journals which mostly print primary lit.
Others appear in review-exclusive journals
Annual Review of Pharmacology
Annual Review of Immunology
Annual Review of Medicine
Trends in molecular medicine
Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology
23. How do I know I’m looking at tertiary literature? Very non-technical language
Aimed at general audience
No abstract, no citations
If citations present, only a few and most often very general
Shorter article
Lacks technical information/discussion
25. Where do I find tertiary literature? Just about anywhere
Newspapers
Encyclopedias
Textbooks
Magazines
Website summaries (e.g. government)
26. What about the Internet? All three type of literature here
Use extreme caution!
Anyone with a computer and Internet access can publish
Many web resources not editor-verified
Or peer-reviewed!
Very often difficult to determine authorship
If available, still may not list author’s credentials
Money motivates persuasive articles
The “virtual soapbox”
Our product is a miracle, unbelievable results…
Dates often not included
You could be reading out-of-date information
28. What are clinical trials? Research studies involving people
Prospective studies—yes
Framingham Heart Study
Retrospective studies—no
Types of clinical trials
Treatment trial
Prevention trial
Early-detection/screening trial
Diagnostic trials
29. What are the different stages of clinical trials? Phase I
15-30 people
Goals
Find safe dosage
Decide how to give agent
Observe affects of agent on humans (side effects, etc.)
30. What are the different stages of clinical trials? Phase 2
About two-thirds of drugs make it this far
< 100 people
Drug tested for efficacy
Control and placebo groups
Usually double-blind experiment
Also monitor safety
31. What are the different stages of clinical trials? Stage 3
100-thousands
Demonstrates efficacy on large number of people
Still monitoring efficacy and side effects
Allows comparison of new approach/drug with old drugs/approaches
Helps fine-tune drug dosages
Can apply for FDA approval at end of trial
32. What are the different stages of clinical trials? Phase 4
Several hundred to several thousand
Evaluate long-term safety and efficacy
Drug/approach now in general use
33. It’s quiz time! Identify (not out loud!) whether each is primary, secondary or tertiary.