Chapter 3: Ecosystems and Communities

1. Chapter 3:Ecosystems and Communities • Georgia Performance Standards: • Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. • Determine how organisms depend on one another and the flow of energy and • matter within their ecosystems. • Define population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere Essential Questions: EQ: How does the change in temperature and climate affect life in different ecosystems and communities? EQ: How are ecosystems organized? EQ: If you had to design another biosphere on another planet, what would you include?

2. How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry? 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? 3–1 The Role of Climate  Warm-up

3. Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. 3-1: The Role of Climate

4. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range These gases allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slows down the loss of heat to space The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Section 4-1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

5. As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical. The Effect of Latitude on Climate

6. Climate Zones: • Polar - cold areas where the sun’s rays strike Earth at a very low angle. • Temperate - sit between the polar zones and the tropics. • Tropical- receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm

7. Heat Transport in the Biosphere • The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere. • The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air create air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere, from regions of sinking air to regions of rising air . • Continents and other landmasses can also affect winds and ocean currents

8. Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. Warm-up: EQ: What Shapes an Ecosystem?

9. What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Niche • Community Interactions • Ecological Succession

10. Abiotic factors are nonliving factors Temperature Humidity Precipitation Wind Nutrient availability Soil type Sunlight Biotic factors are living factors Ecological community Ex: bull frog, what is eats, other organisms with which it interacts. Abiotic & Biotic Factors:

11. Abiotic & Biotic Factors: • Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. • The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors.

12. Niche • Habitat is to address as niche is to occupation • A niche is an organism’s role or job in an ecosystem. • Ex: an organisms place in the food web.(earthworm-decomposer)

13. Community Interactions • Competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem.

14. Competition • Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecologicalresource in the same place at the same time. • Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive • Competitive exclusion principle - no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

15. Predation • An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. • Ex: Anglerfish on Finding Nemo.

16. Symbiosis • Any relationship in which two species live closely together • Mutualism – both species benefits • Ex: bee and flower • Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither hurt nor harmed. • Barnacles on whale • Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed • Flea on dog

17. Checkpoint!!! • How are the three types of symbiotic relationships different? How are they similar?

18. Ecological Succession • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. • As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. • Ecological succession - predictable changes that occur in a community over time.

19. On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. occurs on the surfaces formed as volcanic eruptions build new islands or cover the land with lava rock or volcanic ash. occurs on bare rock exposed when glaciers melt. Primary Succession:

20. When a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil. Land cleared for farming Wildfires and other natural disasters. Secondary Succession:

21. Checkpoint!!! • What is the main abiotic factor that distinguishes primary from secondary succession?

22. A biome is a particular physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals. Characteristics: Climate and Microclimate Ten different biomes Tropical rain forest Tropical savanna Tropical dry forest Desert Temperate grassland Temperate Woodland & Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal Forest Tundra  Land Biomes

23. Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes Temperate grassland Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Tundra Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical dry forest Desert Temperate woodland and shrubland Tropical savanna Boreal forest (Taiga)

24. Terrestrial/land Biomes • Tundra • abiotic factors: • cold temp, Poor soil, low rain, long severe winters, permafrost • b. biotic factors: least diverse biome, lichens, mosses, small plants, polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic hares Climatograms- show annual precipitation & Temperature What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

25. Figure 20.25h Tundra

26. Major Biomes 2. Taiga (Boreal Forests) p. 104-climatogram &look at map • abiotic factors: • summers mild • winters long, snowy, cold • most spongy areas called bogs • Acidic soil b. biotic factors: evergreen trees, moose, bears, elk, wolves, porcupines, hares, bobcats What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

27. Taiga-Boreal Forest

28. 3. Temperate Deciduous forests -climatogram & look at map abiotic: moderate rainfall summer moderate Winter cold Rich soil What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? WHERE WE LIVE!!!! • b. biotic: (lots of diversity) • deciduous trees • maples, elms, oaks, • shrubs, varied • animal life: squirrels, foxes, bears, wildcats, salamanders, snakes, lizards, rabbits, chipmunks

29. Figure 20.25f Temperate deciduous forest

30. 4. Temperate Grasslands “The Prairies” abiotic: Moderate rain central part of country warm spring, scorching dry seasons, winters can be snowy biotic: rich soil so lots of grasses- fires help Treeless wheat, oats, barley, corn, bison, antelope, prairie dogs, coyotes, badgers p.102-climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

31. Grasslands

32. Figure 50.25e Temperate grassland

33. 5.Temperate woodland/shrubland (aka) Chaparral Pg. 102 climatogram & look at map Abiotic: • mod. Rain • Rich soil • No trees Biotic: shrubs, coyotes, mt. Lions, bobcats, deer, rabbits, squirrels What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

34. Figure 50.25d Chaparral

35. Figure 50.25dx Chaparral

36. 6. Tropical Savanna: • special type of grassland • a. Abiotic • warm all year • Clay soil • b. Biotic • Do have some trees • animals: zebra, antelopes, gazelles, elephants, wildebeest, giraffes What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

37. Figure 50.25b Savanna

38. Figure 50.25bx Savanna

39. 7. Tropical Rain forest abiotic: Lots of rain hot temperature Poor soil b. biotic: Highest diversity here Trees in layers/zones vines, ferns, large flowering trees, insects, birds, monkeys, snakes, lizards, jaguars, panthers What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

40. Figure 50.25a Tropical forests

41. 8. Tropical Dry forest abiotic: Mild temp Rich soil Rain seasonal b. biotic: Deciduous trees Tigers Monkeys Elephants rhinos Pg. 100 climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

42. 9. Desert abiotic: Sandy rainfall: less than 20 cm hot, dry regions Poor soil b. biotic: cacti, insects, birds, iguanas, gila monsters, horned lizards, kangaroo rats, scorpions, spiders, snakes Moderate diversity-nocturnal animals Pg. 101 climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

43. Figure 50.25c Deserts

44. Northwestern Coniferous forest: (aka Temperate rain forest) Abiotic: • High rain fall • Summer mild; winter cool • Soil is acidic & rocky Biotic: redwoods, flowering shrubs, bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats Pg. 103 climatogram & look at map-Northern Pacific coast of U.S. What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

45. Figure 20.25g Coniferous forests

46. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 1. Marine: Abiotic: salt water, distribution of life dependent on water temperature and light Biotic: plankton, starfish, whales, sharks, squid, rays 2. Freshwater: Abiotic: lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, contain little salt, life distribution is dependent on dissolved oxygen content Biotic: algae, catfish, carp, bass, trout, mosses, flowering lilies, frogs What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?

47. Determined primarily by the Depth Flow Temperature Chemistry of the underlying water Grouped according to the abiotic factors that affect them Aquatic Ecosystems:

48. Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes

49. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the surface. Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Benthic crustaceans Snail Go to Section:

50. Flowing-water ecosystems Ex: rivers, streams, creeks, brooks. Originate in mountains or hills, and often spring from an underground water source. Standing water ecosystems Ex: Lakes and ponds H2O circulation helps distribute heat, oxygen, and nutrients. Plankton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton Freshwater Ecosystems