Pilgrimage

1. Pilgrimage Early Modern Europe

2. The Marians

3. Marian Pilgrimages • Along the way the pilgrims stop at shrines to worship. One type of shrine is called a Marian Shrine. Here it is believed that the Virgin Mary has been seen. "Pilgrims to Marian shrines would participate in a full program of liturgical celebrations and devotions" (Danis 2001). • Marian shrines are natural centers for discussing the teachings of Mary and of her life of faith with God.

4. Marian Pilgrimages Cont. • Marian shrines also created cultural meeting spots for the pilgrims. History, traditions and art, as well as the contemplation of God's great plan could be discussed. • "Mary is the woman called to collaborate in God's work. She is the virgin totally consecrated to the Lord. She is the wife and mother in a family in which God's promises to his people were fulfilled. Marian shrines are special places for discerning the meaning of vocation, the feminine, consecrated life, the family" (Danis 2001). • Marian shrines are sometimes erected at the site of a miracle

5. Importance of Marian Shrines • “As Mary goes, so goes the Church” (Turner and Turner 1978) This is to say that the church depended on people who would make the journey to visit the shrine. • Has become the most revered saint. • Look to her for miracles to improve their lives. • Have been the most popular of all the pilgrimages, some cities depend on the people who come to view the shrine (Turner and Turner 1978)

6. Local Marian Pilgrimages • Marian shrines were common for local pilgrimages. • Reports of a miracle spread to the surrounding communities, usually within 60km (Bugslag) • The miracle or shrine often responded to the needs of the community, such as mass disease or famine (Bugslag) • Used by people in which a local or nearby shrine was their only option, such as with still born babies who would receive baptism so they may go to heaven (Bugslag)

7. Protestant Reform Protestant reformers felt it was wrong for Christians to make a god out of Mary. They felt it was blasphemous to treat Mary as a mediator to god when the only true mediator is Christ himself Protestants still sought grace and favor from her but not salvation They still visited and erected shrines in her honor as the mother of God but was not revered as Catholics felt (Parish and Naphy 2002).

8. The Cult of Relics

9. The Scope When considering the Cult of Relics and the pilgrimages that took place as a result of this form of worship one cannot use too many superlatives. Tens to hundreds of thousands annually over centuries and millennia traveled to kneel at the base of a shrine. New miracles to surpass that of the old. Relief from purgatory for hundreds of years as the result of a single pilgrimage. Fortunes made and fortunes lost. Small villages growing to the size of towns, towns to the size of cities, cities growing to rival the size of the largest on the continent for no other reason than that they were on the route of or were the final destination of a pilgrimage.

10. Relics Relic ~ remains of a saint ~ an object esteemed or venerated because of association with a saint or a martyr

11. Sorting out the relics…… First Class Relic - Something directly associated with the life of Christ, articles of clothing, the manger, the cross, remains of those involved with the life of Christ - the remains of saints also of the highest order of relic ~~~~~ Second Class Relic - Clothing and perhaps personal items of the saints ~~~~~ Third Class Relic - That which may have come into physical contact with a saint either during his life or after

12. The ReliquaryThe Display of Relics Reliquary ~ noun, a container of holy relics

13. Relics ~ Reliquaries ~ Shrines The shrine to the Three Magi located in the Kolmer Dom in Cologne, Germany. Built in 1284 this reliquary was the gift of Emperor Otto IV. In this reliquary lay the remains of those three travelers of biblical times.

14. From King to Saint ~ An Interesting Story Saint Oswald ~ Revered as the king who resurrected Christianity in the north of England. Killed on the battlefield by his enemies, his body was mutilated, with his head and arms being mounted on stakes. His arms were eventually enshrined in silver and displayed in the Church of Saint Oswald. One would be stolen and displayed at another cathedral on the continent. His head was displayed in this reliquary in a cathedral in Germany…simultaneously displayed at two locations in Switzerland …one in the Netherlands…and buried in the coffin of Saint Cumberland. Parts of his body would become shrines in seventeen different cathedrals.

15. Shrines of Importance Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem sits atop the remains of the Savior ~~~~~ The remains ~ relics ~ of Saints Peter and Paul, removed from the catacombs in Rome and placed in tombs in the Vatican and the Ostian Way ~~~~~ The relics of Saint James interred beneath the cathedral in Santiago, Spain ~~~~~ The relics of Saint Thomas Becket were displayed at the cathedral in Canterbury All of these sites would become major destinations of pilgrims

16. The Journey The journey of the pilgrim would result in a transition from his normal existence. After deciding his destination he would acquire the permission of his local clergy. He would then tend to all of his worldly affairs: write out a will, pay all debts, and arrange for the care of his family and property during the period of his absence. This tended to, he would make his preparations.

17. Ritual ~~~~~ Whether noble, priest, or merchant, each pilgrim will make the same preparation. His reason for the journey may be to do penance….or perhaps to invoke the magic of a particular saint to cure himself or a loved one…or as a thanksgiving for grace already received…or just to see the world. Whatever his motivation each pilgrim will transcend his current reality while undergoing the ritual of the pilgrim.

18. Symbols ~~~~~ The pilgrim and those he travels with will acquire a specific costume. It will be comprised of the pilgrim hat and the typical smock over which will be worn a hooded cape….the pilgrims will also acquire a flask in the shape of a gourd to carry drinking water. Of most importance, they will come into possession of the staff and the scrip, a leather pouch to be attached to the belt. Noble, clergy and peasant alike shall shed their position and be identified by this garb as pilgrim to all those they may encounter for the duration of their journey. Scrip ~ a small bag or wallet

19. Signs The pilgrim badge would be purchased at the site of the shrine. If touched to the shrine it could then become imbued with the powers or magic of the relic. It would then be worn on the hat or the smock of the pilgrim for the balance of the journey. The ampulla would serve as a container to carry holy water, or perhaps healing water, for the purpose of invoking a cure for an ailing loved one unable to make the journey. It would be worn as a necklace on a string or chain. ~~~~~ Ampulla ~ flask with a globular body and two handles

20. Badges • The badge would be representative of the shrine from which it was purchased. • A scallop shell badge would indicate a journey to the shrine of Saint James. • The palm leaf was the sign of a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. • A badge of the bust of Saint Thomas a Becket would proclaim that, “Thomas is the best healer.” • Made from lead or copper the badges were highly profitable items for their merchants. Most often the religious order . • A larger shrine may contract with an individual giving a monopoly for the manufacture and sale of the badges.

21. Myth and MiraclesThe Cult of Saint James James the Disciple spread the word of the Lord throughout the region of the world which would become Spain. After taking the word of God as far as Finnesterra, earth’s end, James returns to Judea. ~~~~~ Suffering his death at the hands of King Herod Agrippa I, the martyr's remains are miraculously transported by rudderless, crewless boat to a remote site in the northwest region of Spain, Iria Flavia. ~~~~~ Ninth century attempts through prayer to discover his relics result in stars falling from the sky at the location of his tomb. It is removed to a site nearby where the relics are verified by the devout king Alphonso II, who would have a small wooden church erected over the tomb.

22. Cathedral Chemin du San JacquesParisPilgrims would gather at this cathedral to hear a mass specifically designed for a pilgrimage. Their scrip and staff will be blessed in a ceremony similar to the blessing of the sword of the knights of old. This done they would continue their journey, perhaps south, and then west to Santiago de Compostela. Chemin ~ french noun, path or road

23. Travels Utilizing roads, by this time well delineated as a result of centuries of predecessors, a group of pilgrims would make its way south through the western regions of France. Stopping at villages, towns, and cities, many of which owe their size, if not their existence, to the fact that they are on the route of the pilgrim. ~~~~~ They will take shelter along the way in inns or hospices. They will visit shrines along the route. They may make a side journey to the site of a recent miracle. ~~~~~ Proceeding in this manner they will eventually reach the base of the Pyrenees which they will then ascend to the summit, their road having been joined by two others, and eventually a third, which have made their way through France.

24. Camino de Santiago The map shows the four major routes through France. All eventually uniting in the northeast corner of Spain. Camino de Santiago ~ The Way of Saint James

25. RoncasvallesNear the summit of the Pyrenees the pilgrims will come to the Colegiata of Our Lady of Roncasvalles a true starting point of their journey along the Camino Santiago. The site of an elaborate hospitale for both the lodging and care of the pilgrims it also encompassed this beautiful cathedral, a chapel and a cemetery.

26. Travels Once over the summit of the Pyrenees they will be in a region of Spain well accustomed to visitors. Here and the rest of their way through the northern regions of Spain, soon to be untied by Ferdinand and Isabella, they will find hospices a days journey apart maintained by monks where they will be fed and housed. They will cross rivers on stone bridges, which have replaced wooden bridges, which had replaced hollowed out trees as a means of transport over these natural barriers. In the less remote areas they will travel on cobbled roads maintained by king’s soldiers for their benefit. They will visit significant shrines in major cities, go to mass, make their contributions. ~~~~~ There they will also find markets and accommodations, inns and restaurants, and entertainments, who owe their success to these travelers. They are traveling through a part of the world that has recognized their value for centuries.

27. Santiago deCompostela As a result of a myth…. that became a legend… some miracles that caused the building of a small wooden church over some remains… tens of thousands of those who came before them… and a long journey from Paris… the pilgrims will arrive at this, the Cathedral Santiago. Here again they will participate in a mass, kneel at a shrine, make their offerings, and they will have a lifetime of sins washed away. Cleansed. Forgiven. Compostela ~ Field of the Stars

28. Arriving on Feast Day, July 25th, the pilgrims would have encountered throngs of people filling this square in front of the cathedral…..booths and stalls set up for the sale of food and the badges of the shrine ~ more than one relic could be worshiped at this site….groups of musicians making merry…and a cathedral so crowded as to be unsafe. Their journey half complete the pilgrims would reverse their course for the trek home. They may hurl a badge into the river as a symbol of the completion of the vigil. A badge or ampulla possessing the magic of a relic may cure a loved one or rest in a special location in the home protecting the inhabitants. Having come full circle they will return to the life they had left months before.

29. Cologne Cathedral ~~~~~ In this magnificent cathedral of arches and stained glass lay the remains of the Three Magi. Those gift bearing travelers of biblical times. Their journeys through life and death did not end until they were brought to the site of this cathedral from Milan by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in the year 1164. ~~~~~ No context here ~ this is just particularly beautiful

30. Bibliography Bugslag, James. Unknown. Local Pilgrimages and Their Shrines in Pre-Modern Europe. International Society for the Study of Pilgrimage Art 2, no. 1 http://peregrinations.kenyon.edu/vol2-1/SpecialSection/Local_Pilgrimage_1_2.pdf (accessed October 2, 2006). Danis, Jim. 2001. Theology of Shrines http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/respub/shrines.html (accessed September 29, 2006). Parish, Helen and Naphy, William G., eds. 2002. Religion and Superstition in Reformation Europe. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. Nolan, Mary Lee and Nolan, Sidney. 1989. Christian Pilgrimage in Modern Western Europe. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. Turner, Victor and Turner, Edith L.B. 1978. Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.

31. Bibliography Cont. Sumption, Jonathan. Pilgrimage - An Image of Mediaeval Religion, Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975. Marks, Claude. Pilgrims, Heretics, and Lovers, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1975 Hussey, Maurice. Chaucer’s World - A Pictorial Companion, London: Cambridge University Press, 1967 Garcia, Michael. “Medieval Medicine, Magic, and Water,” Peregrinations, Vol.1, Issue 3:pages 1-13. http://peregrinations.kenyon.edu/vol1-3.pdf Gower, Kathy. “Pursuing the Chemin and the Coquilles St. Jacques in Paris,” Peregrinations, Vol. 1, Issue 3: pages 1-10. http:// peregrinations.kenyoncollege.edu/vol1-3.pdf Dagenais, John. El Camino de Santiago. http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/santiago/ iagohome.html Dennett, Laurie. 2000 Years of The Camino Santiago: Where Did It come From, Where is It Going?. http://www.csj.org.uk/2000-htm Catholic Encyclopedia, online, S.v. “Legend of the Saints” and “James the Greater” http://www.newadvent.org/eathen/091289.htm UK Detector Finds Database, http://www.UKDFd.UK/ukdfdata/showcat.php?cat+62