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Reasons for increased scrutiny of animal agriculture

Reasons for increased scrutiny of animal agriculture. Increasing population that is more aware Increasing per capita consumption Processed foods Meat Larger facilities. Consequences. More potential for environmental problems More waste in one place

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Reasons for increased scrutiny of animal agriculture

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  1. Reasons for increased scrutiny of animal agriculture • Increasing population that is more aware • Increasing per capita consumption • Processed foods • Meat • Larger facilities

  2. Consequences • More potential for environmental problems • More waste in one place • More opportunity for utilization and management • Economies of scale • Scale of operation

  3. Environmental concerns • Non-point source pollutants • Definition • Categories • Sediment* • Nutrients* • Pesticides • Salts • Metals • Bacteria* • Sulfates Yellow denotes that agriculture is a source * Denotes that animal ag is a source

  4. Nutrients • N • P • Organic Matter

  5. N and water quality • Groundwater concern

  6. Ammonia Ammonia (Denitrification) fertilizer Assimilation Ammonification

  7. N and water quality • Methemoglobinemia – “Blue baby syndrome”

  8. P and water quality • Surface water concern • Eutrophication of surface water • Natural aging process; nutrient enrichment; high plant and algae growth; organic matter accumulation

  9. Eutrophication • Definition – high productivity • Symptoms • Frequent algal blooms; reduced variety of algae; blue-green predominant species; shift in fish populations (pelagic rather than benthic), anoxia or near anoxia • Limiting nutrients – N but usually P • 0.3 – 3.0 mg/L total P

  10. Eutrophication • Sources • Rainfall (N and P) • Runoff (N and P) • Sewage and decomposition (N and P) • Atmospheric fixation (N) • Waterfowl (N and P) • Groundwater (N)

  11. Eutrophication • Consequences • Algae decomposition products – affect taste, odor, color • Weeds – clogging treatment filters • Increased color and turbidity • Anoxia – release of H2S, redox sensitive minerals • Aesthetics

  12. Organic matter concerns • Primarily, surface water • Fishkills • DNR statistics • Hypoxia • stats • Pfisteria • Human effects

  13. 157 water sources in Iowa were classified as impaired

  14. Issues associated with grazing • Sedimentation and turbidity • Overgrazing of riparian vegetation • Stream channelization • Overgrazing of riparian vegetation • Nutrient impairment and algae growth • Pasture runoff • Bacterial contamination • Pasture runoff

  15. Annual Sediment, P, and N loading of Rock Creek Lakefrom tributaries with different proportions of pastureland (Downing et al., 2000)

  16. Air Quality Regulations and Activity • 1997 Clean Air Act Amendments • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) • Primary pollutant standards • Secondary pollutant standards

  17. NAAQS6 criteria pollutants • CO • Pb • SO2 • O3 • Particulate matter • PM10 • also PM2.5 • NO2

  18. Particulate Matter • Primary pollutant • respiratory health • livestock sources include feed dust, secondary formation (fugitive) • Secondary pollutant • visibility (haze) • livestock sources include feedlot dust, road and tillage dust (fugitive)

  19. Fugitive dust • EPA estimates that 50% of PM2.5 emissions arise from fugitive dust sources

  20. Ammonium Nitrate or Ammonium sulfate Ammonia + nitric acid or sulfuric acid From fields, feedlots, manure storage, housing

  21. Sources of ammonia

  22. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (1997) • Ozone • new standard- 0.8 ppm avg over 8 hr vs. 0.12 ppm avg over 1 hr • results primarily from nitrogen oxides and VOCs • regulation of fuels and motor vehicles will have some impact on agriculture • reducing concentrations should result in improved yield

  23. Other air quality areas • Secondary pollutants • Odor • Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O) • Equivalency of different gases

  24. Greenhouse Gases

  25. Iowa Greenhouse Gas Action Plan • Control emissions from animal agriculture • Balance the production of GHG with carbon sequestration capacity

  26. Iowa Greenhouse Gas Action Plan • 1 hog generates the same GHG equivalents as 2.5 humans • Must cover all CAFO manure storages • Need to curtail N2O emissions from CAFOs • New approaches to reducing methane

  27. Odor • 200+ compounds • Interaction of compounds • Health effects???

  28. Nuisance pollutants • Noise • Flies

  29. Safety • Depletion of oxygen • Poisonous gases • Explosions

  30. Other issues • Disease transmission • Insects and rodents • Visual aesthetics

  31. Air Quality Concerns • From the neighbor’s perspective, shift more towards human health concerns rather than nuisance

  32. Iowa Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Air Quality Study • Released February 8, 2002 • Responded to 5 questions from the IDNR regarding human health impacts from AFOs • Recommended exposure levels for emissions of concern

  33. RecommendationsH2S • H2S - not exceed 70 parts per billion (ppb) for a 1-hour time-weighted average (TWA) period, measured at the CAFO property line. • The concentration at a residence or public use area shall not exceed 15 ppb. • Each CAFO should be provided up to seven days each calendar year when they are allowed to exceed the concentration for hydrogen sulfide

  34. RecommendationsNH3 • NH3 - not to exceed 500 ppb for a 1-hour TWA period, measured at the CAFO property line • The concentration at a residence or public use area shall not exceed 150 ppb • Each CAFO should have up to seven days each calendar year when they are allowed to exceed the concentration for ammonia.

  35. RecommendationsOdor • No consensus reached on odor. Therefore two opinions provided. • 7:1 dilutions at the residence; 15:1 at the property line • No data to support recommendations of odor concentration in relation to human health

  36. Iowa SF2293 • Rules completed by the end of August 2002 • Anticipated regulations for NH3 and H2S will be developed • Unique – health-based therefore, measures will be at the residence • IDNR to conduct an 18-month monitoring study (regulation)

  37. Current status of SF2293 • Maximum 1-hr average H2S concentration not to exceed 15 ppb at the separated distance • Maximum 1-hr average NH3 concentration not to exceed 150 ppb at the separated distance • No odor standard

  38. Odor Regulations • Missouri • Requires development of odor control plans • 5.4:1 odor threshold limit at the property line • Enforcement is currently on hold • Minnesota • H2S, as an odor indicator • 30 ppb, 30-min average, twice in five d • 50 ppb, 30-min average, twice annually • Currently considering a health-based, residence standard

  39. Odor Regulations • Colorado • 15:1 dilution threshold standard for non-swine uses • Housed commercial swine feeding operations • 7:1 at the property line • 2:1 at the residence

  40. Additional Activity • California • In response to non-attainment of PM10 and ozone standards • VOC and PM10 emission reductions of 30% and 47%, respectively, by 2006 • 50% NH3 emission reduction from dairy by 2006 • Idaho • Very early stages of implementing VOC standards for CAFOs that are health-based

  41. Emerging Environmental Issues • Bioaerosols • Endotoxin • Pathogens • Antibiotic resistance • Endocrine disruptors • Mortality management • http://www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/wastewtr/feedlot/faq.htm

  42. Emerging issues are not nutrient issues • May require a non-traditional solutions • Will need non-traditional expertise to address

  43. Antibiotic resistance • Zahn et al., 2001 (JAS 79(Suppl 1):783) • Aerial transfer of tylosin and TRB from swine finishers • 3 mechanically-ventilated facilities • 20 g*ton-1 • 8.1 ± 5.3 ng*L-1 tylosin exhausted • TRB represented 80% of culturable bacteria • Under year-round average ventilation rates, exhausted tylosin concentration represents 30% of tylosin fed • Better methods of administration of sub-therapeutic concentrations????

  44. Estrogens in the Environment • 17B-estradiol and xenoestrogens are the most offending • Finlay-Moore et al., 2000. JEQ 29(5):1604 • No grazing effects on estradiol or testosterone concentration in runoff • Amendment with broiler litter increased runoff concentrations of estradiol and testosterone 15-fold • Reproductive management solutions????

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