1 / 102

Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Pps: 116-150, 155-157, Review starts on pg 157 S/A: #3, 4, 19, 20, 24, 27 At the Clinic: #1, 3, 4, 5. Intro to the skeletal System. School House Rock Video. 137.222.110.150 . www.becomehealthynow.com . www.genomenewsnetwork.org . www.orthop.washington.edu.

Audrey
Download Presentation

Skeletal System

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Skeletal System Pps: 116-150, 155-157, Review starts on pg 157 S/A: #3, 4, 19, 20, 24, 27At the Clinic: #1, 3, 4, 5

  2. Intro to the skeletal System School House Rock Video

  3. 137.222.110.150 www.becomehealthynow.com www.genomenewsnetwork.org www.orthop.washington.edu Components of Skeletal System • Bones • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments

  4. Functions of Skeletal System • Support • Protection • Movement • Storage • Hemopoiesis

  5. www.gla.ac.uk Basic Bone Types • Compact—dense, looks smooth • Spongy—composed of small, needle like pieces & lots of open space

  6. adam.about.com 137.222.110.150 Four Categories of Bones • Long longer than wide mostly compact bone

  7. library.thinkquest.org Four Categories of Bones Short cube shaped, contain mostly spongy bone

  8. avalon.ira.uka.de Four Categories of Bones • Flat • thin, flat, usually curved.

  9. www.linkpublishing.com Four Categories of Bones • Irregular • all the rest.

  10. Bone Markings • Projections (Processes)—grow out from bone surface; used to form joints or sites for muscle/ligament attachment. • Depressions—indentations in bone; allow for blood vessels and nerves to pass.

  11. bibleocean.com

  12. Long Bone Structure • Diaphysis (shaft)—makes up most of bone’s length—compact • Yellow bone marrow—storage of fat (cavity of shaft) in adults • Periosteum—protective covering of diaphysis • Epiphysis—end of long bone

  13. Long Bone Structurecon’t: • Red bone marrow—within long bone shafts in infants, forms RBCs, limited to few locations in adults • Articular Cartilage—covers epiphyses of long bone • Epiphyseal plate—flat plate of hyaline cartilage found in young bone; causes lengthwise growth of bone. • Epiphyseal line—remnant of the epiphyseal plate

  14. bibleocean.com

  15. Bone Formation and Growth Most bones (except flat bones) undergo ossification— http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/images/skmus/endochondralbone600.jpg

  16. Ossification Process • Hyaline cartilage model of bone is completely covered with bony matrix (laid down by osteoblasts…bone builders)

  17. Next, the enclosed hyaline cartilage will be digested away, opening up the medullary cavity within the newly formed bone. http://www.cdb.ucl.ac.uk/research/arnett/arnett_lab/images/osteoclast_bfast_lunch_dinner.jpg (Done by osteoclasts—bone destroyers)

  18. New cartilage is formed on external face of the epiphyseal plate farthest away from the medullary cavity At the same time, the old cartilage next to the medullary cavity is broken down and replaced by bone—effectively lengthening the bone Longitudinal Growth

  19. www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/msk/Bone6.gif

  20. Longitudinal Growth con’t: • Ossification completed between 18-25 years old.

  21. courses.washington.edu

  22. How do bones widen? • Osteoblasts in periosteum add bone tissue to outer surface at the same rate that osteoclasts break down bone from inner diaphysis wall.

  23. http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/bone_growth.jpghttp://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/bone_growth.jpg

  24. Broken bones and how they mend… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1qLUNXAhAY • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUK6EghcUdc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fjGpMmmycw

  25. Remodeling of bone • Response to two factors: • Ca levels in blood • Stress on bones (gravity and muscle action)

  26. Ca levels • When Ca levels in your blood drop below homeostatic levels, the parathyroid glands release PTH (parathyroid hormone) into blood http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/pth_targets.gif

  27. Ca levels • PTH activates the osteoclasts to break down bone to release Ca into blood • If Ca levels in blood are high, your thyroid gland releases calcitonin which causes the extra Ca to be deposited into the bone

  28. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TGR8TxUfiIw/RpbJZDWC7rI/AAAAAAAAAiY/oJdpoxfrlV4/s400/14.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TGR8TxUfiIw/RpbJZDWC7rI/AAAAAAAAAiY/oJdpoxfrlV4/s400/14.jpg

  29. Stress on bones • Gravity/Muscles pulling on bones indicates where the bones must strengthen. This explains why bones grow large projections in areas that are heavily muscled…

  30. Ca and Stress on bones work together… • PTH determines IF Ca is needed and the effects of gravity/stress on bones determines WHERE the Ca is deposited in bone.

  31. Factors that influence Bone Growth, Remodeling and Health

  32. Minerals Mg deficiency slows osteoclasts and slows bone formation Insufficient Ca and P are causes of weak bone Insufficient B—boron aids in Ca absorption in digestive tract…

  33. Minerals • Vit C deficiency results in decreased production of collagen = slower bone growth and slower fracture healing • Vit B12 may play a role in osteoblast activity

  34. Hormones—(other than PTH and Calcitonin) • Human Growth Hormone (hGH) produced by pituitary gland promotes general bone growth • Estrogen and Testosterone—promote osteoblast activity

  35. Exercise • Exercise creates electrical currents that stimulate formation of osteoblasts—especially exercise that puts stress on bones • Stimulates production of Calcitonin (inhibiting osteoclasts) • Lack of exercise induces removal of mineral salts and collagen

  36. Smoking • Smoking reduces estrogen levels thus lowering osteoblasts = greater risk of osteoporosis • Smoking diminishes circulation which increases the risk of poor bone density • Smokers tend to not exercise…see previous slide

  37. Aging • Loss of Ca is correlated with aging • Premature abandonment of exercise results in decreased ability to make bone matrix—older people who maintain exercise have stronger bones than same age peers who are sedentary…

  38. Axial Skeleton www.besthealth.com

  39. www.besthealth.com Definition • longitudinal axis of body. • Skull, vertebral column, & bony thorax

  40. Bones of the skull 2 parts: the cranium and the facial bones • Cranium—encloses & protects fragile brain tissue • Frontal --Occipital • Parietal --Sphenoid • Temporal --Ethmoid

  41. Cranium www.mc.maricopa.edu

  42. Facial bones • Holds eyes in the anterior portion of head and allows for muscle attachment/expressions • Mandible --Lacrimal • Maxilla --Nasal • Palatine --Vomer • Zygomatic

  43. Facial Bones training.seer.cancer.gov

  44. Facial Bones con’t: www.bartelby.net

  45. Hyoid courses.washington.edu bioweb.uwlax.edu • only bone in human body that doesn’t articulate with another bone.

  46. Fetal Skull Large compared to body size (about ¼ of body, in adults 1/8) fontenels—soft spots, allow for depression during birth and brain growth. ossification between 22 – 24 months

  47. Vertebral Column Supports skull and extends to pelvis • flexible, curved structure of 26 irregular bones (33 at infancy) • spinal cord runs through the center • Intervertebral discs—flexible fibrocartilage to cushion and protect.

  48. Vertebral Column bibleocean.com

  49. biology.kenyon.edu www.biologydaily.com Five types of vertebrae Cervical (7) Thoracic (12)

  50. Five types of vertebrae Lumbar (5) www.sandiego-spine.com

More Related