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Phonetics

Phonetics. LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin. Introduction: Spoken Language. Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves Humans spoke before they wrote

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Phonetics

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  1. Phonetics LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin

  2. Introduction: SpokenLanguage • Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer • Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves • Humans spoke before they wrote • Reason why linguists start with the study of spoken rather than written language

  3. Made to Speak

  4. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 2. Made to Speak • Lungs: to supply air for speech • Trachea /treɪkiə/: wide pipe • Vocal cords: to produce vibrations for speech sounds. Also known as “vocal folds” (found within the larynx/lærɪŋks/) • Tongue: to articulate vowels and consonants • Teeth: to provide place of articulation • Lips: to articulate vowels and consonants • Nose: to provide nasal resonance during speech

  5. Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 14-15 Specialization for Language

  6. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 18. Sound-ProducingSystem: Features • Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: • Jaw movement • Lip shape • Tongue placement

  7. Sound-producing System • Sound is produced when air is set in motion • Sets of filters modify the sound in various ways • Pharynx /færɪŋks/ (tube between larynx and oral cavity) • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity

  8. Sound-producing system • Lungs • Vocal cords (or vocal folds) • Larynx (vocal folds are within larynx) (the velum is the soft area Towards the rear of the roof of the mouth)

  9. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 23. The Tongue • Primary articulation organ • It can be: • Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back • Five areas of the tongue: • Tip, blade, body, back and root

  10. Introduction to Phonetics Definition - Phones & segments - IPA

  11. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 53. Thinking Phonetically • Exercise (p. 53) • Find four words that show four alternative spellings of the sound [f] • Find six words that have the letter ‘a’ pronounced differently. • Find four words in which different groups of letters represent only one sound. • Find two words in which two different sounds are pronounced but not spelled out.

  12. Phonetics • Definition: • The study of the inventoryand structureof the sounds of speech. • Analyzes the productionof all human speech sounds, • Regardless of language.

  13. Approaches to Phonetics • Articulatory phonetics • Studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production • Acoustic phonetics • Measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak

  14. BEFORE WE GET STARTED • Read: The OnederfulWerldovWords CHALLENGE: • Findwords (end/parts of words) that are written the same but thatsounddifferent. • Findwords (end/parts of words) that are writtendifferently but soundalike.

  15. Phones • Definition: • Speech sounds • Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? • Finite • The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract • According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200 vowels

  16. Units of representation • Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds • Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) • Syllables • Cat • Class • Book • Extra • Nota: • Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

  17. International Phonetic Alphabet • The IPA is a system of transcription • Represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol • « One sound, one symbol » • Important: Enclosed in square brackets [ ]

  18. Explore the IPA • Go through pronunciation of different sounds: • http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/consonants.html (cons.) • http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/vowels.html (vowels) • Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used to represent a vowel. • IPA Chart

  19. IPA - Transcription • Broad transcription • Uses a relatively simple set of symbols to represent contrasting segments but does not show all phonetic detail • Narrow transcription • Show phonetic detail using an elaborate set of symbols • Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:

  20. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 635. IPA - Diacritics • « Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way » • Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness. • See your IPA chart • http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diacritics.html

  21. For help with phonetics Linking sounds to symbols: IPA Help, SIL International http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/index.html http://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.htm http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/ http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/# Identifying articulatory features: Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of Toronto http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy * a bit confusing Practice transcribing:

  22. Contemporary Linguistic: p. 38-40 Canadian, American & British Dictionaries • When checking your transcription, be careful: • Remember that you are transcribing something that you have actually heard … so sometimes you just might be right! • Always check if this is an American or British dictionary. • Even if it is American, it doesn’t mean that the transcription is the same as what would be typically used in Canada. • Boat: • http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boat • http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/boat

  23. The OnederfulWerldov Words • Beware if heard, a dreadful word. That looks like beard and sounds like bird. • Watch out for meat and great and threat. They rhyme with suite and straight and debt. • /hɜrd/ /mit/ /swit/ • /wɜrd/ /greɪt/ /streɪt/ • /bɪərd/ /θrɛt/ /dɛt/ • /bɜrd/

  24. Glottal States

  25. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 20. Sound-producing system Glottal States

  26. Sound-producing system Glottal States • Glottis: Space between the vocal folds • Vocal folds may be positioned in a number of ways to produce different glottal states

  27. Glottal States: Voicelessness • When the vocal folds are pulled apart. • The air passes directly through the glottis. • Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless. • Put your fingertips to your larynx. • Fish • Sing • House

  28. Glottal States: Voicing • When the vocal folds are brought together, but not tightly closed. • Air passes through and causes them to vibrate. • Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced. • Put your fingertips to your larynx. • Zip • Vow • Or any vowel

  29. Glottal States: Whisper • Whispering is voiceless. • No vibration of the cords. • The vocal cords are almost completely closed (though slightly apart at the back).

  30. Glottal States: Murmur • Known as a breathy voice • Murmuring is voiced • Vibration of the vocal cords • Vocal folds are relaxed to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.

  31. Voiced or Voiceless? • [p] • [B] • [b] • [t] • [H] • [d] • [k] • [g] • [f] • [h] • [v] • [s] • [z] • [i] Look up these sounds on your chart, then try to produce them. Then note whether they are voided or voiceless.

  32. IPA: Voicedand Voiceless • [p] & [b] • [t] & [d] • [k] & [g] • [f] & [v] • [s] & [z] • Etc. • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#

  33. Exercise 3: Voiced or Voiceless? • Ex: Though • Thought • Form • View • Zoom • Silk • Pan • Boat • /ox/ Voiced (vowel) • /t/ voiceless • /m/ voiced * • /u/ voiced • /m/ voiced • /k/ voiceless • /n/ voiced • /t/ voiceless (Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009)

  34. Voiced & Voiceless • Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009 • Table 2.12 (p. 33) (consonants and glides) • 1st of pairs on IPA chart (left) – voiceless • 2nd of pairs on IPA chart (right) - voiced • English Nasals - voiced • Glides - voiced • Usually English liquids (‘r’ & ‘l’) are voiced • *but can also be voiceless • Vowels

  35. Sound Classes Consonants Vowels Glides

  36. Challenge Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.

  37. Challenge Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.

  38. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 21 Sound classes: CONSONANTS • Articulatory difference: • May be voiced or voiceless • May be made with either a complete closure or a narrowing of the vocal tract • The airflow is either blockedmomentarily or restrictedso much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction. • Consonants cannot be the nucleus of a syllable • Ex: “cup” • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html • [b] & [s]

  39. Sound classes: VOWELS • Articulatory difference: • Vowels are produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract and are usuallyvoiced • Acoustic Difference: • Vowels are more sonorous(acoustically powerful) • Perceived as louder and longer lasting • Ex: “happy” • Vowels can be the nucleus of a syllable. • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html • /u/

  40. Sound classes: GLIDES • Shows properties of both consonants and vowels • May be thought of a rapidly articulated vowel (auditory impression they produce) • Produced with an articulation like that of a vowel • Glides can never be the nucleus of a syllable • Aka. Semi-consonants, semi-vowels

  41. Place of Articulation

  42. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 23. Articulation Organs : Tongue • Primary articulation organ • It can be: • Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back • Five areas of the tongue: • Tip, blade, body, back and root

  43. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 24 Consonants: Place of Articulation • Also called points of articulation • Each point at which air stream can be modified to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation • Places of articulation are found at the lips, within the oral cavity, in the pharynx/færɪŋks/ and at the glottis /glɒtɪs/.

  44. Consonants: Place of Articulation

  45. Consonants: Place of Articulation http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  46. Let’s Start Filling out our Chart

  47. Place of articulation: Bilabial • /baɪleɪbiəl/ • Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial. • Bilabial: sounds involving both lips • Example: [p], [b] & [m] http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  48. Place of articulation: Labiodental • /leɪbioʊdɛntl/ • Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial. Labiodental • sounds involving the lower lip and the upper teeth • Example: [f] & [v] http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  49. Place of articulation: Dental and Interdental • /dɛntl/ • Dental: Sounds produced with the tongue placed against or near the teeth • [t], [d], [s] & [z] (in European French) • Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi) • Interdental: Produced with the tongue between the teeth • [θ] & [ð] • Example: The words thing & this

  50. Place of articulation: Alveolar • /ælviələr/ • Sounds produced when the tongue touches or is brought near to the alveolar ridge • Example: [t], [d], [n], [ɹ], [r], [ɾ] [s], [z] & [l] Spanish “r” = [r] • http://www.uiowa.edu:80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/frameset.html (Vibrante)

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