Compound Docking

1. Compound Docking Compound docking is a computer simulation procedure to predict the conformation of a receptor-ligand complex. Only when the structure of a target and its active or binding site are available, high-throughput docking is chiefly used as a hit identification tool. Also, similar calculations are often used later on during lead optimization when modifications to known active structures can quickly be tested in computer models before compound synthesis. Furthermore, docking can also contribute to the analysis of drug metabolism using structures. The docking process involves the prediction of ligand conformation and orientation (or posing) within a targeted binding site. In general, there are two aims of docking studies: accurate structural modeling and correct prediction of activity. BOC Sciences is the industry-leading expert in compound docking and our rich experience enables us to provide comprehensive services. Theoretical aspects of docking For an enzyme and inhibitor, docking aims at correct prediction of the structure of the complex [E+I] = [EI] under equilibrium conditions (see Figure 1 and Equation 1). Figure 1 Figure 1 illustrates the binding of inhibitor Dmp323 to HIV protease and is based on solution structures (PDB code: 1BVE). Multiple structures

2. of enzyme–inhibitor complexes revealed only limited structural variations. The free energy of binding (ΔG) is related to binding affinity by Equation 2 and 3: Prediction of the correct structure, also technically known as Posing, is the process of determining whether a given conformation and orientation of a ligand fits the active site. This fuzzy procedure usually returns many alternative results) of the [E+I] complex does not require information about KA. However, prediction of biological activity, technically known as Ranking, usually attempts to estimate the free energy of binding as accurately as possible and attempts to involve more elaborate calculations, perhaps including properties such as entropy or explicit salvation. Scoring terms can therefore be divided in the following fashion. When considering the term [EI], the following factors are important: steric, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, inhibitor strain (if flexible) and enzyme strain. When considering the equilibrium shown in Equation 1, the following factors are also important: desolvation, rotational entropy and translational entropy. Two components of docking: search algorithm and scoring function. Each docking program uses one or more specific search algorithms- methods to predict the possible conformations of a binary complex. Treatment of search algorithm can be divided into three basic categories: systematic methods conformational search, databases); random or stochastic methods (Monte Carlo, genetic algorithms, tabu search); and simulation methods (molecular dynamics, energy minimization). (incremental construction, The evaluation and ranking of predicted ligand conformations is a crucial aspect of structure-based virtual screening. Even when binding conformations are correctly predicted, the calculations ultimately do not

3. succeed if they do not differentiate correct poses from incorrect ones and if ‘true’ ligands cannot be identified. So, the design of reliable scoring functions and schemes is of fundamental importance. Scoring functions implemented in docking programs make various assumptions and simplifications in the evaluation of modeled complexes. Currently, three types or classes of scoring functions are applied: force-field- based scoring, empirical scoring, and knowledge-based scoring functions. BOC Sciences has a large group of experts in the computational chemistry who specialize in molecular modeling and compound docking. They are proficient in various search algorithms and combine information from different scoring functions to balance errors in single scores and to improve the probability of identifying ‘true’ ligands. There is no doubt that our compound docking service will play a very critical role in promoting your drug discovery process. Reference 1. Kitchen, D. B.; et al. Docking and scoring in virtual screening for drug discovery: methods and applications. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2004, 3(11), 935-949.