Suffragetts in UK and Sweden

1. Suffragettes In UK and Sweden Text English From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2. Suffragettes were members of women's organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries which advocated the extension of the "franchise", or the right to vote in public elections, to women. It particularly refers to militants in the United Kingdom such as members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). "Suffragist" is a more general term for members of the suffrage movement, particularly those advocating women's suffrage.

3. The term suffragette is particularly associated with activists in the British WSPU, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, who were influenced by Russian methods of protest such as hunger strikes. Although the Isle of Man had enfranchised women who owned property to vote in parliamentary (Tynwald) elections in 1881, New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant all women the right to vote in 1893 when women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in parliamentary elections. Women in South Australia achieved the same right and became the first to obtain the right to stand for parliament in 1895. In the United States, white women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in the western territories of Wyoming from 1869 and in Utah from 1870. But by 1903 women in Britain had still not been enfranchised, and Pankhurst had decided the movement would have to become radical and militant if it was going to be effective. The campaign became increasingly bitter, with property damage and hunger strikes being countered by the authorities with jailing and force-feeding, until it was suspended due to the outbreak of war in 1914.

4. Women in Britain over the age of 30, meeting certain property qualifications, were given the right to vote in 1918, and in 1928 suffrage was extended to all women over the age of 21. Opinion amongst historians today is divided as to whether the militant tactics of the suffragettes helped or hindered their cause.

5. In 1865 John Stuart Mill was elected to Parliament on a platform that included votes for women, and in 1869 he published his essay in favour of equality of the sexes The Subjection of Women. Also in 1865 a discussion group was formed to promote higher education for women which was named the Kensington Society. Following discussions on the subject of women's suffrage, the society formed a committee to draft a petition and gather signatures, which Mill agreed to present to Parliament once they had gathered 100 signatures. In October 1866 amateur scientist, Lydia Becker, attended a meeting of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science held in Manchester and heard one of the organisors of the petition, Barbara Bodichon, read a paper entitled Reasons for the Enfranchisement of Women. Becker was inspired to help gather signatures around Manchester and to join the newly formed Manchester committee. Mill presented the petition to Parliament in 1866 by which time the supporters had gathered 1499 signatures, including those of Florence Nightingale, Harriet Martineau, Josephine Butler and Mary Somerville.

6. Annie Kenney (13 September 1879 – 9 July 1953) was an English working class suffragette who became a leading figure in the Women's Social and Political Union. She died of diabetes at the Lister Hospital in Hitchin on 9 July 1953 aged 73. Her funeral was conducted according to the rites of the Rosicrucians and her ashes were scattered by her family on Saddleworth Moor Dame Christabel Harriette Pankhurst, DBE , 22 September 1880 – 13 February 1958), was a British suffragette born in Manchester, England. A co-founder of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), she directed its militant actions from exile in France from 1912 to 1913. In 1914 she supported the war against Germany. After the war she moved to the United States, where she worked as an evangelist for the Second Adventist movement. She returned to Britain for a period in the 1930s and was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1936. At the onset of World War II she again left for the United States, to live in Los Angeles, California. Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst, prominent members of the WSPU

7. Two further petitions were presented to parliament in May 1867 and Mill also proposed an amendment to the 1867 Reform Act to give women the same political rights as men but the amendment was treated with derision and defeated by 196 votes to 73. The first public meeting on the subject of women's suffrage in UK was held in Manchester's Free Trade Hall in 1868; one of the speakers was Lydia Becker, supported by Dr. Richard Pankhurst among others. Amongst the audience was the 15-year-old Emmeline Goulden, who was to become an ardent campaigner for women's rights and would later marry Dr. Pankhurst and change her name to Emmeline Pankhurst. Emmeline Pankhurst ; 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. In 1999 Time named Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back". She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in the United Kingdom.

8. During the summer of 1880, Lydia Becker visited the Isle of Man to address five public meetings on the subject of women's suffrage to audiences mainly composed of women. These speeches instilled in the Manx women a determination to secure the franchise, and on 31 January 1881, women on the island who owned property in their own right were given the vote. In Manchester the Women's Suffrage Committee had been formed in 1867 to work with the Independent Labour Party (ILP) to secure votes for women, but although the local ILP were very supportive, nationally the party were more interested in securing the franchise for working class men and refused to make women's suffrage a priority. In 1897 the Manchester Women's Suffrage committee had merged with the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) but Emmeline Pankhurst, who was a member of the original Manchester committee, and her eldest daughter Christabel had become impatient with the ILP and on 10 October 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst held a meeting at her home in Manchester to form a breakaway group, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). From the outset the WSPU was determined to move away from the staid campaign methods of NUWSS and instead take more positive action

9. At a political meeting in Manchester in 1905, Christabel Pankhurst and millworker, Annie Kenney, disrupted speeches by prominent Liberals, Winston Churchill and Sir Edward Grey, asking where Churchill and Grey stood with regards to women's political rights. At a time when political meetings were only attended by men and speakers were expected to be given the courtesy of expounding their views without interruption, the audience were outraged, and when the women unfurled a "Votes for Women" banner they were both arrested for a technical assault on a policeman. When Pankhurst and Kenny appeared in court they both refused to pay the fine imposed, preferring to go to prison in order to gain publicity for their cause.

10. Stung by the stereotypical image of the strong minded woman in masculine clothes created by newspaper cartoonists, the suffragettes resolved to present a fashionable, feminine image when appearing in public. In 1908 the co-editor of Votes for Women, Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, designed the suffragettes' colour scheme of purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope. The fashionable London shops, Selfridges and Liberty, sold tricolour-striped ribbon for hats, rosettes, badges and belts, as well as coloured garments, underwear, handbags, shoes, slippers and toilet soap. As membership of the WSPU grew it became fashionable for women to identify with the cause by wearing the colours, often discretely in a small piece of jewellery or by carrying a heart-shaped vesta case and in December 1908 the London jewellers, Mappin & Webb, issued a catalogue of suffragette jewellery in time for the Christmas season. Sylvia Pankhurst said at the time: "Many suffragists spend more money on clothes than they can comfortably afford, rather than run the risk of being considered outré, and doing harm to the cause". In 1909 the WSPU presented specially commissioned pieces of jewellery to leading suffragettes, Emmeline Pankhurst and Louise Eates Winston Churchill

11. The suffragettes also used other methods to publicise and raise money for the cause and from 1909, the "Pank-A-Squith" board game was sold by the WSPU. The name was derived from Pankhurst and the surname of H. H. Asquith, the Prime Minister at the time who was largely hated by the movement. The board game was set out in a spiral, and players were required to lead their suffragette figure from their home to parliament, past the obstacles faced from Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and the Liberal government. Also in 1909, suffragettes Solomon and McLellan tried an innovative method of potentially obtaining a meeting with Asquith by sending themselves by Royal Mail courier post, however, Downing Street was unwilling to accept the parcel Emmeline Pankhurst was the most prominent of Britain's suffragettes.

12. Sophia Duleep Singh, the third daughter of the exiled, Maharaja Duleep Singh, had made a trip from her home in London to India, in 1903, to see the celebrations for the accession of King Edward VII as emperor of India and was shocked by the brutality of life under British rule. On her return to the UK in 1909, Singh became an ardent supporter of the cause, selling suffragette newspapers outside her apartment at Hampton Court Palace, refusing to pay taxes, fighting with police at protests and attacking the prime minister's car. Singh eventually received a place of honour in the suffragette movement alongside Emmeline Pankhurst. Her sole aim in life, which she attained, was the advancement of women. Queen Victoria had given Singh an elaborately-dressed doll named Little Sophie, which became her proud possession. Near the end of her life she gave the doll to Drovna, her housekeeper's daughter. Sophia Duleep Singh selling The Suffragette in 1913

13. 1912 was a turning point for the suffragettes as they turned to using more militant tactics, chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to post box contents, smashing windows and occasionally detonating bombs. Some radical techniques used by the suffragettes were learned from Russian exiles from tsarism who had escaped to England. In 1914, at least seven churches were bombed or set on fire across the United Kingdom, including Westminster Abbey, where an explosion aimed at destroying the 700-year-old Coronation Chair, only caused minor damage. One suffragette, Emily Davison, died under the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby on 4 June 1913. It is debated whether she was trying to pull down the horse, attach a suffragette scarf or banner to it, or commit suicide to become a martyr to the cause. However, recent analysis of the film of the event suggests that she was merely trying to attach a scarf to the horse, and the suicide theory seems unlikely as she was carrying a return train ticket from Epsom and had holiday plans with her sister in the near future. Suffragettes were not recognised as political prisoners and many of them staged hunger strikes while they were imprisoned.

14. Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was a suffragette who fought for votes for women in the United Kingdom in the early twentieth century. A member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and a militant fighter for her cause, she was arrested on nine occasions, went on hunger strike seven times and was force fed on forty- nine occasions. She died after being hit by King George V's horse Anmer at the 1913 Epsom Derby when she walked onto the track during the race.

15. In the early 20th century until the First World War, approximately one thousand suffragettes were imprisoned in Britain. Most early incarcerations were for public order offences and failure to pay outstanding fines. While incarcerated, suffragettes lobbied to be considered political prisoners; with such a designation, suffragettes would be placed in the First Division as opposed to the Second or Third Division of the prison system, and as political prisoners would be granted certain freedoms and liberties not allotted to other prison divisions, such as being allowed frequent visits and being allowed to write books or articles. Because of a lack of consistency between the different courts, suffragettes would not necessarily be placed in the First Division and could be placed in Second or Third Division, which enjoyed fewer liberties. Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone Born 18 February 1854 Downing Street Westminster, Middlesex, England Died 6 March 1930 (aged 76) Ware, Hertfordshire, England

16. Arson, property damage and civil disobedience Throughout the woman's suffrage movement, many tactics were employed in order to achieve the goals of the movement. Throughout Britain, the contents of letter boxes were set alight or corrosive acids or liquids poured over the letters and postcards inside, and shop and office windows were smashed with hammers. Telephone wires were cut, and graffiti slogans began appearing on the streets. Places that wealthy people, typically men, frequented were also burnt and destroyed while unattended so that there was no risk to life, including cricket grounds, golf courses and horse racing tracks. Pinfold Manor in Surrey, which was being built for Chancellor of the exchequer, David Lloyd-George, was targeted with two bombs on 19 February 1913, only one of which exploded, causing significant damage; in her memoirs, Sylvia Pankhurst claimed that Emily Davison carried out the attack. There were 250 arson or destruction attacks in a six-month period in 1913. Reports exist in the Parliamentary Papers, which includes lists of the 'incendiary devices', explosions, artwork destruction (including an axe attack upon a painting of The Duke of Wellington in the National Gallery), arson attacks, window-breaking, post box burning and telegraph cable breaking that occurred during the most militant years from 1910–1914.

17. The process of tube-feeding was strenuous without the consent of the hunger strikers, who were typically strapped down and force- fed via stomach or nostril tube, often with a considerable amount of force. The process was painful and after the practice was observed and studied by several physicians, it was deemed to cause both short-term damage to the circulatory system, digestive system and nervous system and long-term damage to the physical and mental health of the suffragettes. Some suffragettes who were force-fed developed pleurisy or pneumonia as a result of a misplaced tube.

18. Legislation In April 1913, Reginald McKenna of the Home Office passed the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913, or the Cat and Mouse Act as it was commonly known. The act made the hunger strikes legal, in that a suffragette would be temporarily released from prison when their health began to diminish, only to be readmitted when she regained her health to finish her sentence. The act enabled the British Government to be absolved of any blame resulting from death or harm due to the self-starvation of the striker and ensured that the suffragettes would be too ill and too weak to participate in demonstrative activities while not in custody. Most women continued hunger striking when they were readmitted to prison following their leave. After the Act was introduced, force-feeding on a large scale was stopped and only women convicted of more serious crimes and considered likely to repeat their offences if released were force-fed.

19. The Bodyguard In early 1913 and in response to the Cat and Mouse Act, the WSPU instituted a secret society of women known as the "Bodyguard" whose role was to physically protect Emmeline Pankhurst and other prominent suffragettes from arrest and assault. Known members included Katherine Willoughby Marshall, Leonora Cohen and Gertrude Harding; Edith Margaret Garrud was their jujitsu trainer. The origin of the "Bodyguard" can be traced to a WSPU meeting at which Garrud spoke. As suffragettes speaking in public increasingly found themselves the target of violence and attempted assaults, learning jujitsu was a way for women to defend themselves against angry hecklers. Inciting incidents included Black Friday, during which a deputation of 300 suffragettes were physically prevented by police from entering the House of Commons, sparking a near-riot and allegations of both common and sexual assault. Members of the "Bodyguard" orchestrated the "escapes" of a number of fugitive suffragettes from police surveillance during 1913 and early 1914. They also participated in several violent actions against the police in defence of their leaders, notably including the "Battle of Glasgow" on March 9, 1914, when a group of about 30 Bodyguards brawled with about 50 police constables and detectives on the stage of St. Andrew's Hall in Glasgow, Scotland. The fight was witnessed by an audience of some 4500 people

20. Leonora Cohen OBE born Leonora Throp (15 June 1873 – 4 September 1978) was a militant British suffragette and trade unionist. She was known as the "Tower Suffragette" after smashing the display case for the British Crown Jewels in the Tower of London. She acted as bodyguard for Emmeline Pankhurst. She lived to the age of 105 and contributed to the second wave of feminism in the 1970s. Before she died Cohen donated her scrapbook and other memorabilia to Leeds Museum. These include a painting of her as a child Gertrude Menzies Harding (1889-1977) was a suffragette born on a farm in rural Canada. She happened to arrive in London, England, in 1912 at the height of the militant suffragette movement, which she quickly joined, one of only a handful of Canadians to do so. Gert Harding remained as one of the highest-ranking and longest-lasting members of this organization, the Women's Social and Political Union. British women were granted a partial vote in 1918. Gert’s first big ‘job’ was to stage a midnight attack on rare orchids with comrade Lilian Lenton at the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew

21. 1918 General Election, Women Members of Parliament The 1918 general election, the first general election to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918, was the first in which some women (property owners older than 30) could vote. At that election, the first woman to be elected an MP was Constance Markievicz but, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she declined to take her seat in the British House of Commons. The first woman to do so was Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, following a by- election in November 1919. Refused a state funeral by the Free State government, she was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, and de Valera gave the funeral oration. Constance Georgine Markievicz, known as Countess Markievicz ; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927) was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, Seán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was clothed as with a garment."

23. Gertrude Mary Ansell (2 June 1861 – 7 March 1932) was a British suffragette, animal rights activist and businesswoman Rosa May Billinghurst (31 May 1875 – 29 July 1953) was a suffragette and women's rights activist. She was known as the "cripple suffragette" as she campaigned in a tricycle.

24. Elsie Edith Bowerman (18 December 1889 – 18 October 1973) was a British lawyer, suffragette and RMS Titanic survivor. Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton (born 12 January 1869, Vienna, died 2 May 1923, London), usually known as Constance Lytton, was an influential British suffragette activist, writer, speaker and campaigner for prison reform, votes for women, and birth control. She sometimes used the name Jane Warton

25. Mabel Henrietta Capper (23 June 1888 – 1 September 1966) was a British suffragette. She gave all her time between 1907 and 1913 to the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) as a 'soldier' in the struggle for women's suffrage. She was imprisoned six times, went on hunger strike and was one of the first suffragettes to be forcibly fed. Anne Cobden-Sanderson or Julia Sarah Anne Cobden (26 March 1853 – 2 November 1926) was a British socialist and suffragette. In 1907 she was invited to speak in the United States by Harriet Stanton Blatch to tell American suffragettes about the protest methods used in Britain

26. Flora McKinnon Drummond , later Simpson), (born 4 August 1878 in Manchester– died 7 January 1949 in Carradale), was a British suffragette. Nicknamed The General for her habit of leading Women's Rights marches wearing a military style uniform 'with an officers cap and epaulettes' and riding on a large horse, Drummond was an organiser for the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and was imprisoned nine times for her activism in the Women's Suffrage movement. Drummond's main political activity was organising and leading rallies, marches and demonstrations. She was an accomplished and inspiring orator and had a reputation for being able to put down hecklers with ease. Flora Drummond with Christabel Pankhurst, Annie Kenney, (unknown), Emmeline Pankhurst, Charlotte Despard and (unknown), 1906–1907

27. Harrison was, at least ideologically, a moderate suffragist. Rather than support women's suffrage by protesting, Harrison applied her scholarship in anthropology to defend women's right to vote. In responding to an anti-suffragist critic, Harrison demonstrates this moderate ideology: Jane Ellen Harrison (9 September 1850 – 15 April 1928) was a British classical scholar, linguist. Edith How-Martyn, née How (1875, London -1954, Australia) was a British suffragette and a member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). She was arrested in 1906 for attempting to make a speech in the House of Commons. This was one of the first acts of suffragette militancy. She met Margaret Sanger in 1915 and they created a conference in Geneva. How-Martyn toured India talking about birth control. She had no children and died in Australia.

28. Clemence Annie Housman (23 November 1861 – 6 December 1955) was an author, illustrator and activist in the women's suffrage movement. She was the sister of A. E. Housman and Laurence Housman. Her novels included The Were-Wolf, Unknown Sea and The Life of Sir Aglovale De Galis. She was also a leading figure in the Suffragette movement Clemence published three novels, and she illustrated some of the fantasies written by her brother Laurence. Her first novel, The Were-wolf (1896), was an allegorical erotic fantasy featuring a female werewolf. H. P. Lovecraft said of the Were-Wolf that it: “attains a high degree of gruesome tension and achieves to some extent the atmosphere of authentic folklore”.[8] Basil Copper described The Were-wolf as "a minor classic in the genre". The Life of Sir Aglovale de Galis is an Arthurian fantasy

29. Elsie Maud Inglis (16 August 1864 – 26 November 1917) was an innovative Scottish doctor, suffragist, and founder of the Scottish Women's Hospitals Her dissatisfaction with the standard of medical care available to women led her to political activism through the suffrage movement. She was the secretary of the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage in the 1890s while she was working toward her medical degree. Lilian Ida Lenton (5 January 1891 – 28 October 1972) was an English dancer, suffragist, and winner of a French Red Cross medal for her service as an Orderly in World War In early 1913, with Olive Wharry, she began a series of arson attacks in London, and was arrested in February 1913 on suspicion of having set on fire the Tea House at Kew Gardens

30. Emilie Augusta Louise "Lizzy" Lind af Hageby (20 September 1878 – 26 December 1963) was a Swedish-British feminist and animal rights advocate who became a prominent anti-vivisection activist in England in the early 20th century. Born to a distinguished Swedish family, Lind af Hageby and another Swedish activist enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1902 to advance their anti-vivisectionist education. The women attended vivisections at University College London, and in 1903 published their diary, The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology, which accused researchers of having vivisected a dog without adequate anaesthesia. The ensuing scandal, known as the Brown Dog affair, included a libel trial, damages for one of the researchers, and rioting in London by medical students Mary Lowndes (1856–1929) was a British stained-glass artist who co-founded Lowndes and Drury, the partnership that built The Glass House studio, Fulham. She was also a poster artist, in particular connected with her active participation in the suffragette movement. Lowndes was a leading light in the Arts and Crafts movement and chair of the Artists' Suffrage League In 1899 Mary Lowndes attended the International Congress of Women in London. In January 1907, Lowndes established The Artists' Suffrage League (ASL) to create dramatic posters, postcards, Christmas cards, and banners for suffrage events. She became its chair and Forbes, her companion, was the secretary

31. Adela Constantia Mary Pankhurst Walsh (19 June 1885 – 23 May 1961) was a British- Australian suffragette, political organiser, and co-founder of both the Communist Party of Australia and the Australia First Movement Frances Mary "Fanny" Parker OBE (24 December 1875 – 19 January 1924) was a New Zealand-born suffragette who became prominent in the militant wing of the Scottish women's suffrage movement and was repeatedly imprisoned for her actions. On her return to Britain, Parker began campaigning for women's suffrage, initially with the Scottish Universities Women's Suffrage Union, and later with Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union, for which she became organiser in the West of Scotland in 1912

32. Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, Lady Pethick-Lawrence (21 October 1867 – 11 March 1954) was a British women's rights activist. Pethick-Lawrence started the publication Votes for Women with her husband in 1907. The couple was arrested and imprisoned in 1912 for conspiracy following demonstrations that involved breaking windows, even though they had disagreed with that form of action. After being released from prison, the Pethick-Lawrences were unceremoniously ousted from the WSPU by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel because of their ongoing disagreement over the more radical forms of activism which the Pethick-Lawrences opposed. Mary Raleigh Richardson (1882/3 – 7 November 1961) was a Canadian suffragette active in the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom, an arsonist and later the head of the women's section of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) led by Sir Oswald Mosley. She committed a number of acts of arson, smashed windows at the Home Office and bombed a railway station. She was arrested nine times, receiving prison terms totalling more than three years. She was one of the first two women force-fed under the 1913 Cat and Mouse Act in HM Prison Holloway. Richardson would recover at the cottage of Lillian Dove-Willcox in the Wye valley. She was devoted to Dove-Wilcox and wrote poetry about her love for her.

33. Edith Rigby (18 October 1872 – 1948) was an English suffragette. She founded a school in Preston called St. Peter's School, aimed at educating women and girls. Later she became a prominent activist, and was incarcerated seven times and committed several acts of arson. She was a contemporary of Christabel and Sylvia Pankhurst. On 5 February 2018 a meeting at Preston Town Hall instigated by the Mayoress of Preston Trisha Rollo, was formed to investigate the possibility of erecting a statue of Edith Rigby in the city of Preston. In 1907 she formed the Preston branch of the Women's Social and Political Union During this time (and her subsequent sentences, seven in total) Rigby took part in hunger strikes and was subjected to force-feeding Dame Ethel Mary Smyth, DBE ; 22 April 1858 – 8 May 1944) was an English composer and a member of the women's suffrage movement. In 1910 Smyth joined the Women's Social and Political Union, a suffrage organization, giving up music for two years to devote herself to the cause. Her "The March of the Women" (1911) became the anthem of the women's suffrage movement. In 1912,

34. Ethel Snowden, ViscountessSnowden (born Ethel Annakin; 8 September 1881 – 22 February 1951), was a British socialist, human rights activist, and feminist politician. From a middle-class background, she became a Christian Socialist through a radical preacher and initially promoted temperance and teetotalism in the slums of Liverpool. She aligned to the Fabian Society and later the Independent Labour Party, earning an income by lecturing in Britain and abroad. Snowden was one of the leading campaigners for women's suffrage before the First World War, then founding The Women's Peace Crusade to oppose the war and call for a negotiated peace. After a visit to the Soviet Union she developed a strong criticism of its system, which made her unpopular when relayed to the left-wing in Britain. After 1906 Snowden became increasingly active in supporting women's suffrage, being one of the national speakers for the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies; Dora Thewlis (1890–1976) was a British suffragette Vera Wentworth born Jessie Alice Spink (1890 – 1957) was a British suffragette. She went to jail for the cause and was force fed. She door stepped and then assaulted the Prime Minister twice. She wrote "Three Months in Holloway"

35. Olive Wharry (December 1886–2 October 1947) was an English artist, arsonist and suffragist who in 1913 was imprisoned with Lilian Lenton for burning down the tea pavilion at Kew Gardens. Olive Wharry died at Heath Court Nursing Home in Torquay in 1947 at the age of 61. She never married Cicely Mary Hamilton (née Hammill, 15 June 1872 – 6 December 1952), was an English actress, writer, journalist, suffragist and feminist, part of the struggle for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. She is now best known for the play How the Vote was Won, which sees all of England's female workers returning to their nearest male relative for financial support

36. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (9 June 1836 – 17 December 1917) was an English physician and suffragist, and the first woman to openly qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon, and the first woman to do so since James Barry. She was the co-founder of the first hospital staffed by women, the first dean of a British medical school, the first female doctor of medicine in France, the first woman in Britain to be elected to a school board and, as Mayor of Aldeburgh, the first female mayor and magistrate in Britain. Garrett Anderson was also active in the women's suffrage movement. In 1866, Garrett Anderson and Davies presented petitions signed by more than 1,500 asking that female heads of household be given the vote. That year, Garrett Anderson joined the first British Women's Suffrage Committee. She was not as active as her sister, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, though Garrett Anderson became a member of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage in 1889. After her husband's death in 1907, she became more active. As mayor of Aldeburgh, she gave speeches for suffrage, before the increasing militant activity in the movement led to her withdrawal in 1911. Her daughter Louisa, also a physician, was more active and more militant, spending time in prison in 1912 for her suffrage activities.

37. Timeline 1818: Jeremy Bentham advocates female suffrage in his book A Plan for Parliamentary Reform. The Vestries Act 1818 allowed some single women to vote in parish vestry elections 1832: Great Reform Act – confirmed the exclusion of women from the electorate. 1851: The Sheffield Female Political Association is founded and submits a petition calling for women's suffrage to the House of Lords. 1864: The first Contagious Disease Act is passed in England, which is intended to control venereal disease by having prostitutes and women believed to be prostitutes be locked away in hospitals for examination and treatment. When information broke to the general public about the shocking stories of brutality and vice in these hospitals, Josephine Butler launched a campaign to get them repealed. Many have since argued that Butler's campaign destroyed the conspiracy of silence around sexuality and forced women to act in protection of others of their gender. In doing so, clear linkages emerge between the suffrage movement and Butler's campaign. 1865: John Stuart Mill elected as an MP showing direct support for women's suffrage. 1867: Second Reform Act – Male franchise extended to 2.5 million 1869: Municipal Franchise Act gives single women ratepayers the right to vote in local elections. 1883: Conservative Primrose League formed. 1884: Third Reform Act – Male electorate doubled to 5 million 1889: Women's Franchise League established. 1894: Local Government Act (women who owned property could vote in local elections, become Poor Law Guardians, act on School Boards) 1894: The publication of C.C. Stopes's British Freewomen, staple reading for the suffrage movement for decades. 1897: National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies NUWSS formed (led by Millicent Fawcett). 1903: Women's Social and Political Union WSPU is formed (led by Emmeline Pankhurst) 1904: Militancy begins. Emmeline Pankhurst interrupts a Liberal Party meeting.

38. Timeline page 2 February 1907: NUWSS "Mud March" – largest open air demonstration ever held (at that point) – over 3000 women took part. In this year, women were admitted to the register to vote in and stand for election to principal local authorities. 1907: The Artists' Suffrage League founded 1907: The Women's Freedom League founded 1908: in November of this year, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, a member of the small municipal borough of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, was selected as mayor of that town, the first woman to so serve. 1907, 1912, 1914: major splits in WSPU 1905, 1908, 1913: Three phases of WSPU militancy (Civil Disobedience; Destruction of Public Property; Arson/Bombings) 5 July 1909: Marion Wallace Dunlop went on the first hunger strike – was released after 91 hours of fasting 1909 The Women's Tax Resistance League founded September 1909: Force feeding introduced to hunger strikers in English prisons 1910: Lady Constance Lytton disguised herself as a working class seamstress, Jane Wharton, and was arrested and endured force feeding that cut down her life span considerably February 1910: Cross-Party Conciliation Committee (54 MPs). Conciliation Bill (that would enfranchise women) passed its 2nd reading by a majority of 109 but Asquith refused to give it more parliamentary time November 1910: Herbert Henry Asquith changed Bill to enfranchise more men instead of women

39. Timeline page 3 18 November 1910: Black Friday October 1912: George Lansbury, Labour MP, resigned his seat in support of women's suffrage February 1913: David Lloyd George's house burned down by WSPU (despite his support for women's suffrage). April 1913: Cat and Mouse Act passed, allowing hunger-striking prisoners to be released when their health was threatened and then re- arrested when they had recovered 4 June 1913: Emily Davison walked in front of, and was subsequently trampled and killed by, the King’s Horse at The Derby. 13 March 1914: Mary Richardson slashed the Rokeby Venus painted by Diego Velázquez in the National Gallery with an axe, protesting that she was maiming a beautiful woman just as the government was maiming Emmeline Pankhurst with force feeding 4 August 1914: World War declared in Britain. WSPU activity immediately ceased. NUWSS activity continued peacefully – the Birmingham branch of the organisation continued to lobby Parliament and write letters to MPs. 6 February 1918: The Representation of the People Act of 1918 enfranchised women over the age of 30 who were either a member or married to a member of the Local Government Register. About 8.4 million women gained the vote. 21 November 1918: the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into Parliament. 1928: Women received the vote on the same terms as men (over the age of 21) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928

40. Swedish Suffragettes Gertrud Adelborg (1853–1942) - Secretary and leading member of the suffrage movement, presented the first demand of woman suffrage to the government Signe Bergman (1869–1960) - co-founder and Chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage Emilia Broomé (1866–1925) - first woman in the legislative assembly, introduced the new laws of equal access to all government posts for both genders Frigga Carlberg (1851–1925) - Chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage (Gothenburg branch) Sofia Gumaelius (1840–1915) - Treasurer of the National Association for Women's Suffrage Ann-Margret Holmgren (1850–1940) - co-founder and leading campaigner and recruiter for the National Association for Women's Suffrage Ellen Key (1849–1926) - suffragist, ideologist Valborg Olander (1861–1943) - Chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage (local branch) Elin Wägner (1882–1949) - Campaigner for the National Association for Women's Suffrage Lydia Wahlström (1869–1954) - co-founder and Chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage Anna Whitlock (1852–1930) - co-founder and Chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage Karolina Widerström (1856–1949) - Chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage

41. Agda Montelius and Gertrud Adelborg presents the petition of woman suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström in 1899. Gertrud Virginia Adelborg (10 September 1853 in Karlskrona – 25 January 1942) was a Swedish feminist and a leading member of the women's rights movement. She was the daughter of Captain (naval) and noble Jacob Adelborg and Hedvig af Uhr, and the sister of painter Ottilia Adelborg and textile artist Maria Adelborg. She never married. Adelborg was educated by a governess at home and in girls schools. She worked as a teacher in 1874–79, and was employed at Svea hovrätt 1881–83. Signe Wilhelmina Ulrika Bergman (10 April 1869–1960), was a Swedish feminist. She was the chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage or LKPR in 1914–1917 and the Swedish delegate to International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1909–1920. She was the organiserof the congress of the Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1911 and the editor of the paper of the LKPR, Rösträtt för kvinnor (Women suffrage).

42. Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé, (1866–1925), was a Swedish politician (liberal), feminist and peace activist. She was the first woman in the Swedish legislative assembly (1914). Frigga Carlberg Anna Fredrika Lundgren (Falkenberg 10 August 1851 – 1925), was a Swedish writer, social worker and feminist. She was a member of the central comity of the National Association for Women's Suffrage 1903–21 and chairman of the Gothenburg branch of the Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage in 1902–21. Sofia Lovisa Gumaelius(8 December 1840 in Örebro – 23 January 1915 in Stockholm), was a Swedish businessperson.

43. Anna Margareta "Ann-Margret" Holmgren, Tersmeden (17 February 1850 – 12 October 1940), was a Swedish author, feminist and pacifist. In 1902, two motions regarding women suffrage reform were presented to the Swedish Parliament. One was from the Minister of Justice Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, who suggested that married men be given two votes, as they could be regarded to vote in place of their wives as well. Ellen Karolina Sofia Key ; 11 December 1849 – 25 April 1926) was a Swedish difference feminist writer on many subjects in the fields of family life, ethics and education and was an important figure in the Modern Breakthrough movement. She was an early advocate of a child-centered approach to education and parenting, and was also a suffragist. She is best known for her book on education, Barnets århundrade (1900), which was translated in English in 1909 as The Century of the Child.

44. Elin Matilda Elisabet Wägner (May 16, 1882 – January 7, 1949) was a Swedish writer, journalist, feminist, teacher, ecologist and pacifist. She was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1944. Lydia Katarina Wahlström (28 June 1869 – 2 June 1954) was a Swedish historian, author and feminist. She was one of the founders of the National Association for Women's Suffrage and its chairman in 1907–1911.

45. Anna Whitlock (13 June 1852 – 16 June 1930), was a Swedish reform pedagogue, journalist, suffragette and feminist. She was co-founder and twice chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage. Karolina Olivia Widerström, (10 December 1856 in Helsingborg – 4 March 1949), was a Swedish doctor and gynecologist. She was the first female physician with a university education in her country. She was also a feminist and a politician, and engaged in the questions of sexual education and female suffrage. She was chairwoman of the National Association for Women's Suffrage and a member of the Stockholm city council.