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NEED TO STUDY SCIENCE Science “to know” Relevance to almost every profession Involves method of inquiry requiring reason

NEED TO STUDY SCIENCE Science “to know” Relevance to almost every profession Involves method of inquiry requiring reason Requires understanding; not memorization Provides insight into the scientific method. Origin of Science Cyclic nature of seasons and navigational needs - Astronomy

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NEED TO STUDY SCIENCE Science “to know” Relevance to almost every profession Involves method of inquiry requiring reason

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  1. NEED TO STUDY SCIENCE • Science “to know” • Relevance to almost every profession • Involves method of inquiry requiring reason • Requires understanding; not memorization • Provides insight into the scientific method

  2. Origin of Science • Cyclic nature of seasons and navigational needs - Astronomy • Farming - Geometry to measure fields • Taxes and Business - Arithmetic, weights and measures • Beginning of mathematics - Replace multiple words for numbers with system (Babylonian sexigesimal number system ~3000 BC)

  3. The Babylonian symbols from 1 to 13 as transcribed from a clay tablet of about 1700 BC

  4. Egyptian Astronomy • Measured 365 day year - 4000 BC • Relation between Astronomy and Astrology • Star charts, 365 1/4 day calendar; 3:4:5 triangle; water clock - 2000 BC • How would you accomplish these tasks today? Describe a method to determine the length of day and year?

  5. Greek Science • Naturalistic not mystic interpretation of the universe • Believed earth was a sphere - 400 BC • Ionian Philosophers - 2500 BC to 300 BC • Hippocrates ( 500 BC); Pythagoras (530 BC); Aristarchus (270 BC) • Eratosthenes (276-195 BC- measured the diameter of the earth)

  6. Eratosthenes (276-195 B.C.) measured the circumference of the earth to be 24,650 miles (real value (24,900 miles )

  7. Other Important Greek Philosophers • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Organized Lyceum; believed stars were distant; observed phases of the moon; observed stellar parallax • Ptolemy (127-151 A.D.) member of the Museum at Alexandria (Ptolemy,Euclid, Eratosthenes, Archimedes,); wrote the “Almagest” which describes geocentric universe

  8. DARK AGES • Fall of Rome in 410 A.D. • Most information from previous civilizations lost • Knowledge saved in Middle East • Greek and Latin manuscripts translated into Arabic • Eventually returned to western Europe

  9. Epicycle as used by Ptolemy (geocyntric model) go to

  10. Copernicus (1473-1543) • The sun is at rest (heliocyntric model) • The earth is spherical • Planets revolve about sun • Periods of revolution decrease with orbit radii • The motion of planets about the sun involve epicycles (34 circles)

  11. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) • Danish Astronomer • Developed accurate astronomical instruments (quadrant ) • Built elaborate observatory • Plotted motions of planets • Improved measurements of Greeks by a factor of 6 ( 5’ of arc )

  12. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/kepler.html • Used Tycho’s Data and developed three laws of Planetary motion • Firmly established heliocentric theory • Published his results in 1609, 1618

  13. Kepler’s Laws • Orbits are elliptical • Orbits sweep out equal areas in equal times • Period2 = Distance3 (If Period in in years and Distance is in AU) (AU - astronomical unit - distance between earth and sun)

  14. Galileo Galilei( 1564-1692 ) • http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/ • Constructed 30x telescope • Phases of Venus • Structure on moon

  15. Moons of Jupiter • Sunspots • Many new stars • Structure of Saturn

  16. Galileo • Studied the motion of falling bodies • Refuted the teachings of Aristotle • Reinstituted the scientific method • Suffered under the reformation • Published the Dialog Concerning the Two New Sciences in 1638 at age 70 • Began the modern sciences of astronomy and mechanics

  17. Newton (1642 - 1727) • Developed Mechanics • (study of motion) • To do this had to invent Calculus

  18. Newton’s Laws of Motion • A body in motion will remain in motion unless a force acts upon it. • Force = mass times acceleration (F = m a) • Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

  19. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation • Note that it depends upon 1/r2

  20. Motion of moon (see p. 19 of text)

  21. Lunar eclipse

  22. Solar Eclipse • Total Solar Eclipses occur when the umbra of the Moon's shadow touches a region on the surface of the Earth. • Partial Solar Eclipses occur when the penumbra of the Moon's shadow passes over a region on the Earth's surface. • Annular Solar Eclipses occur when a region on the Earth's surface is in line with the umbra, but the distances are such that the tip of the umbra does not reach the Earth's surface.

  23. Homework • p. 40 review and discussion: 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14 answer in complete sentences

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