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Perils Threatening Income-Earning Ability

Learn about the risks associated with premature death and inadequate retirement funds, and how to manage these risks in personal financial planning.

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Perils Threatening Income-Earning Ability

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  1. Perils Threatening Income-Earning Ability • Death • Disability • Superannuation • Unemployment

  2. Risks Arising From Uncertainty of Time of Death • The individual faces two risks that arise from uncertainty concerning time of death: • 1. Premature death (death while others remain dependent on individual’s income) • 2. Superannuation (the risk of retiring without adequate assets to cover living expenses during retirement)

  3. Death and Superannuation • The risks of death and superannuation are mutually exclusive and complementary events: • 1. If individual dies prematurely, he or she will have no need for retirement funds. • 2. If individual lives until retirement, provision for premature death will not be used.

  4. Objectives in Managing Personal Risks • 1. To avoid deprivation of the individual and those dependent on him or her in the event of loss that terminates income. • 2. From personal financial planning, sometimes the goal of transferring the maximum wealth possible to dependents.

  5. Identifying Risk of Loss From Premature Death • Premature death is a source of loss in two ways: • 1. Death triggers expenses associated with death itself (funeral expenses and other death costs). • 2. Death causes loss of income that the individual would have earned.

  6. Measuring Risks Associated With Premature Death • Two approaches have been suggested for evaluating the risk of premature death: • 1. Human life value • 2. Needs analysis

  7. Human Life Value • The human life value concept is generally credited to Soloman S. Huebner. • 1. Human life value concept is based on the individual’s income earning ability. • 2. Human life value is the present value of income lost by dependents as a result of the person’s death.

  8. Present Value • Any attempt to measure human life value must consider the “time value of money” or the concept of “present value.” • 1. “Time value of money” refers to fact that $1 today is worth more than a year from now. • 2. Money invested at some positive rate of return will be worth more in the future.

  9. Time Value of Money (Present Value) • $1.00 + (1.00 X 6%) = $1.06 • $1.00 = $.943396$1.06 • $0.943396 = $.889962$1.06

  10. Present Value of $1 in N Years • Year 6% 8% 10% 12 % • 1 $0.94340 $0.92593 $0.90909 $0.89283 • 2 0.89000 0.85734 0.82645 0.79719 • 3 0.83962 0.79383 0.75131 0.71178 • 10 0.55839 0.46319 0.38554 0.32197 • 20 0.31180 0.21455 0.14864 0.10367 • 30 0.17411 0.09938 0.05731 0.03338

  11. Present Value of $1 Annually for N Years • Year 6% 8% 10% 12% • 1 $0.94340 $0.92593 $0.90909 $0.89286 • 2 1.83339 1.78326 1.73554 1.69005 • 3 2.67301 2.57710 2.48685 2.40183 • 10 7.36009 6.71008 6.49506 5.65022 • 20 11.46992 9.81815 8.51356 7.46944 • 30 13.76483 11.25778 9.42691 8.05518

  12. Economic Value to Dependents • Years Until Present Value of $10,000 Age Retirement At 5% At 6% At 7% At 8% • 20 45 $177,740 $154,588 $136,055 $121,084 • 25 40 171,590 150,462 133,317 119,246 • 30 35 163,741 144,982 129,476 116,545 • 35 30 153,724 137,648 124,090 112,477 • 40 25 140,939 127,833 116,535 106,747 • 45 20 124,622 114,699 105,940 98,182 • 50 15 103,796 97,122 91,079 85,594 • 55 10 77,217 43,600 70,235 67,100 • 60 5 43,29442,123 41,001 39,927

  13. Difficulties With Human Life Value Concept • 1. Indicated value depends on estimate of future changes in income. • 2. Indicated value varies with discount rate. • 3. Indicated value does not necessarily represent a measure of loss. • no one may be dependent on the individual’s income • part of income may be replaced from other sources (e.g. social security)

  14. Needs Analysis Approach • Amount of insurance that an individual should purchase is properly determined by “needs analysis.” • 1. Huebner’s life value approach looks at income that would be lost. • 2. Needs approach attempts to identify the allocation of that income and the purposes for which it would have been used.

  15. Needs Analysis • Needs analysis has three basic steps • 1. Identify the needs that would arise or continue following death of the individual • 2. Identify resources that would be available (social insurance benefits, employer-provided benefits, savings) • 3. Measure difference between 1. and 2. above

  16. Lifestyles and Needs Analysis • Needs will vary with individual’s situation and lifestyle. Identifiable lifestyles include: • 1. Single individual without dependents • 2. Single individual with dependents • 3. Childless couples • 4. Couples with children - both employed outside the home • 5. Couples with children - only one employed outside the home

  17. Classification of Needs • CASH NEEDS INCOME NEEDS • Fund for Last Expenses Funds for Readjustment • Emergency Funds Dependency Period Income • Mortgage Payment Funds Life Income for Spouse • Educational Funds

  18. Classification of Income Needs • Income needs may be classified into three groups, representing different periods: • 1. Readjustment income following death • 2. Income during dependency period • 3. Income for spouse when children are grown • “blackout period” • retirement

  19. $3000 Figure 10.1 Needs Analysis Chart $1,603 OASDI benefit until younger child reaches age 16 $663.60 OASDI benefit until youngest child reaches age 18 Unfilled Needs $1,200 per month from widow’s employment $632.60 per month widow’s OASDI benefit

  20. Present Value - Future Income Needs

  21. Estate Liquidity Need • 1. A federal transfer tax, called the estate tax, is imposed on transfers at the time of death. • 2. Amounts passed to heirs other than a spouse that exceed $600,000 are subject to the tax. • 3. To avoid forced sale of assets to pay the estate tax, life insurance may be needed to provide liquidity.

  22. Estate Planning • The process through which one arranges one's affairs for the most effective accumulation, management, and disposition of capital and income. • The greatest shrinkage of the estate has historically come from the federal estate tax, which applies to assets held at the time of death and certain gifts made during the individual’s lifetime.

  23. Taxable Estate • Rates in 1999 began at 37% on taxable estates of $650,000 - go to 55% on estates over $3 million. • The taxable estate is the gross estate minus allowable deduction. • Tax is subject to a credit that reduces the tax actually payable. • This credit against tax is commonly referred to as an estate tax exemption. • $625,000 estate exempt from tax in 1998. • Subject to increase to $1 million in 2006. • Family business deduction

  24. Taxable Estate • Taxable estate is determined by deducting allowable exemptions from the gross estate. • Gross estate includes the fair market value of • all real and personal property owned at the time of death, including interest in property owned jointly with another. • proceeds of life insurance on deceased’s life if deceased possessed incidents of ownership. • Incidents of ownership means such ownership rights as the right to change beneficiaries, borrow cash value, or withdraw cash values.

  25. Deductions • Gross estate is subject to certain deductions in determining the portion that is taxable. • credit for state and foreign death taxes. • marital deduction, which is unlimited. • applies only to the part of the estate that actually passes to a surviving spouse. • If a person dies "intestate" the estate is distributed according to state law. • In many states, a spouse receives 1/3 and 2/3 is divided equally among the children. • This distribution deprives the estate of the full benefit of the marital deduction.

  26. Marital Deduction • Unlimited marital deduction protects individual’s entire estate from the federal estate tax, but spouse’s estate will be subject to the federal estate tax. • Property left to a surviving spouse becomes a part of the spouse's estate and is taxed without marital deduction when he or she dies. • Strategy: arrange for the distribution of that estate in a manner that will maximize the use of the unified estate-gift tax credit.

  27. Example • Bill Smith has an estate in the neighborhood of $1.3 million. • If he leaves his entire estate to Mary, it will pass without estate tax liability, but the tax is merely deferred. • If Bill dies in 1999, $650,000 of his estate could pass to children or other heirs without tax liability. • The remaining $650,000 may pass to Mary, or it may pass to the children or other heirs subject to the estate tax.

  28. Gifts • In addition to using the marital exemption and maximizing the unified credit, a third strategy is by making gifts prior to death. • Annual gift tax exclusion of $10,000 per donee, whereby assets may be transferred during one’s lifetime without tax consequences. • $10,000 gift tax exclusion will be adjusted for inflation after 1998.

  29. Trusts • A common tool for implementing estate planning strategies and for the administration of an estate. • Arrangement under which the holder (trustee) undertakes the management of another's property (called the corpus of the trust), for benefit of designated persons. • The most widely used trusts are • the testamentary trust, which is a part of the will and takes effect after death, and • the living or inter vivos trust, established during the lifetime of the creator and which may be revocable or irrevocable in nature.

  30. Testamentary Trust • Will not reduce estate taxes at death of the testator, nor will it reduce estate settlement costs. • Trust property remains in the estate of the testator until distribution after will is probated. • Used to leave property to heirs other than a spouse (to maximize tax credit), but also provides for a surviving spouse. • The spouse is the beneficiary of the trust; • other heirs are remaindermen. Property in trust is not subject to the marital deduction, but uses all or part of the unified credit.

  31. Revocable inter vivos trust The creator reserves the right to terminate the trust and acquire the property. The revocable trust does not reduce the estate tax liability. Irrevocable inter vivos trust The creator relinquishes right to terminate the trust and acquire the property. An absolute and irrevocable trust takes the property out of the grantor's estate Living (Intervivos) Trusts

  32. Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust • Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) is used to avoid the incidents of ownership in a life insurance contract. • Life insurance is purchased and managed by a trustee, subject life insurance trust agreement. • Premiums are paid from funds transferred to the trust as gifts but not withdrawn by trust beneficiaries. (Crummey powers) • Key feature is the willingness of beneficiaries to not withdraw the gift, which they must have the right to do if it is to qualify as a gift.

  33. Risks Associated with Superannuation • Two parts to the retirement risk • Individual will not have accumulated sufficient assets by the time retirement arrives • Assets that have been accumulated will not last for the remainder of his or her lifetime

  34. The Risk of Outliving the Accumulation • Some strategy is needed to guarantee that the individual will not outlive the assets • Conventional tool for this problem is a life annuity

  35. Estimating the Accumulation Need • 1. Monthly income needs during retirement are projected by some assumed rate of inflation together with social security benefits, which are deducted from needs. • 2. If pension benefits will be available, projected pension benefits are also deducted from projected need. • 3. Remaining monthly need is converted to an annuity purchase price to determine total future capital need.

  36. Risks Associated with Disability • 1. Unlike the case in life insurance, disability income need is not limited to those with dependents. • 2. Income need may even be greater for the person without a spouse (no second income, need to hire a care provider). • 3. If breadwinner dies, income stops but expenses also decline. • 4. In event of disability, income stops and expenses will likely increase.

  37. Probabilities of Death and Disability • Probability of Probability of Death Before 90-Day DisabilityAge Age 65 Before Age 65 • 25 24% 54% • 30 23% 52% • 35 22% 50% • 40 21% 48% • 45 20% 44% • 50 18% 39% • 55 15% 32% • 60 9% 9%

  38. Needs Analysis for Disability Risk • 1. Follows same pattern discussed in connection with life insurance, in which anticipated needs are projected • 2. Adequate medical expense coverage should be available to meet increased medical expenses • 3. Program should include provision for continued contributions to retirement program

  39. Resources Available to Meet Disability Risk • 1. Workers compensation benefits for work-related disabilities • 2. Compulsory Temporary Disability Benefits in California, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Puerto Rico • 3. Social Security benefits for total and permanent disabilities • 4. Employer-provided sick leave or cash benefits

  40. Addressing Unmet Disability Needs • 1. Subtract available resources from needs • 2. Most important disability income need is long-term disability for both occupational and nonoccupational disability to supplement Social Security benefit • 3. Some people will also need short-term coverage for disabilities that are not covered under Social Security

  41. The Medical Expense Exposure • 1. Personal risk management program is incomplete without protection against medical expenses • 2. Major consideration should be protection against catastrophic loss

  42. Managing the Risk of Unemployment • Limited options for transferring the risk • State unemployment programs exist in all states • Unemployment insurance is available on a limited basis in connection with installment credit; usually greatly overpriced

  43. State Unemployment Insurance • 1. Previous employment in a covered occupation • 2. Involuntarily unemployed • 3. Continued attachment to the labor force (willing and able to work)

  44. Benefits Under State Unemployment Insurance • 1. Benefits related to previous earnings • Typically 1/26 of previous earnings • About 50% of normal earnings but subject to statutory maximum • State maxima in 1998: from $180 to $573 • 2. Benefits payable for a maximum period • Maximum is 26 weeks in 44 states • Longest maximum in any state is 39 weeks

  45. Retention and Risk Retention • RETENTION • Authorities recommend an emergency fund equal to from 3 to 6 months expenses • REDUCTION • comprehensive education • specialized working skills • a career that is relatively immune to fluctuations in employment

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