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toxicants and narcotic drugs analysis

Outline. ???????????????????????????????????Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer?????????Gas Chromatograph. ??????? (Definition). ?????? (poison, toxicants) ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? (toxicology) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? (toxicity) ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????.

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toxicants and narcotic drugs analysis

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    1. ??????????????????????????????????Toxicants and Narcotic Drugs Analysis

    2. Outline ???????? ??????????????????? ???????? Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ????????? Gas Chromatograph

    3. ??????? (Definition) ?????? (poison, toxicants) ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? (toxicology) ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (toxicity) ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????

    4. ??????? (hazard) ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Dose ???????????????????????????????????????????????? Response ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????? Xenobiotics ???????????????????????????????????? ??????? (Definition) (???)

    5. ???????????????????? ???????????? (acute toxicity) ??????? ?????????????????????????? ????? 24 ??. ?????????????????????????????? (single dose) ??????????? (chronic toxicity) ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????

    6. ??????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????? (??????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????) ???? DDT ????? LC50 ??????? 250 mg/kg ????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????? 24 ???????

    7. ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? (mutation) ?????????????? ??????????????????? (???)

    8. ????????????????????????? ??????? 1 ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? 10-100 ?????????? LD50 ???????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????, ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? (???)

    9. ??????????????????? LD50 (median lethal dose) ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50% ?????????????????????????? LC50 (median lethal concentration) -??????????? LT50 (median lethal time) -???? ED50 ???? EC50 (median effective dose ???? concentration) ??????? ???????????????? KD50 (median knock down dose) -???

    10. ??????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? (condition) ???????????????????????????????????

    11. ?????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? -?????????????????????? ???????? -????????????? ??? -????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ??? ??????

    12. ?????????????????????????????????????

    13. ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? Mycotoxin, Alkaloids, ?????????? ???? ?????????????? N, P, S, O ???? Organometallics ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????, radioactive ????????? ???? ???, halogens, CO, CN-

    14. ???????????????????????????(pesticides)

    15. ???????? (meaning) ???????????? (nomenclature) ???????? (classification) ???? (formulation) ??????????????? (mode of action) ????????????????????????????????????????? Outline

    16. ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????? (pesticides) ??????????????????????????????????????? (active ingredients) ?????????????????????? ????? ?????????

    17. ????????????????????????????????????? ??????? pesticides ?? 3 ???? ???: ???????? -????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???? carbaryl ???? 1-Naphthyl methyl carbamate, DDT ??? 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2 bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane ????????? - ?????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???? parathion, carbofuran, carbaryl, DDT

    18. ?????????? - ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???? carbaryl ???????????????? Sevin, S-85, Senova, Ravyon, Dicarbam ??????? ????carbofuran ???????????? Furadan, Bay 70143, Carbodan, Carbosip, Chinofur, Curaterr, D 1221, ENT 27164, Furacarb, Kenafuran, Pillarfuron, Rampart, Nex, and Yaltox

    19. ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????? pesticides ???????? 3 ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? (insecticides) ???????????? (herbicides) ????????????? (fungicides) ????? ???? ????????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????????????????????????????? (IGR) ???????

    20. ??????????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????, ?????? (Baudaux mixture), ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? effective ingradients (EI) ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????

    21. ????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????? Organochlorines ???? DDT ??? derivatives, aldrin dieldrin, endosulfan, toxaphene Organophosphates ???? methyl ??? ethyl parathion, malathion, chlorpyriphos, monocrotophos

    22. Carbamates ???? methomyl, carbofuran, carbaryl, carbosulfan, aldicarb, thiodicarb, isoprocarb Synthetic pyrethroids ???? permethrin, decamethrin, cypermethrin,fenvalerate Chitin inhibitors ???? diflubenzuron, triflumuron, tefluron, chlorfluazuron

    23. ????????????????????? Physical control ?????????????????????????????? (cultural control) ???? ?????????, ???????????????????, ??????????????????? ??? Chemical control ???????????????????????? Biological control ?????? ???????????????????????? ??????????-????????

    24. ????????? Bacillus thuringiensis ???? B. sphaericus - ??????????? Trichogramma spp. ??????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? (muscadine) ???????????????????????????? ???? white muscadine ????? Beauveria bassiana ????? ???? ????? ???????????

    25. ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? (concentrate) ?????????????? (wettable powder) ?????????????? (suspension) ?????? (powder) ???????? (granule) ?????????????? (microcapsule) ?????????? (bait) ??????????? (aerosol) ?????????? (fumigant)

    27. ??????????????? ??????????????? (mode of action) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? Na+ ??? K+ ???????????????

    28. ???????? ???? lindane chlordane heptochlor dieldrin aldrin ??? endrin ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? acetylcholinaseterase (AChE) ??????????????? (???)

    29. ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? acetylcholine ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? acetylcholine ??????? hydrolyze ???? AChE ????? OP ??????????????????????? acetylcholine ???????????????????? AChE ????????????????????? ????? carbamate ?????? AChE ???????????? ???????????????????????? Biotransformation ???? ??????????????? (???)

    30. Biological Magnification

    31. ????????????????????????????????????????? MRL (maximum residue limit) No effect level ADI (acceptable daily intake)

    32. Maximum residue limit ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? mg/kg ???????? FAO ??? WHO ?????????????????????? FAO/WHO (Codex) ???????? >150 ?????? ?????????? Toxicological study Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)

    33. No effect level ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? mg/kg/d Acceptable daily intake (ADI) ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ADI = No effect level Safety factor ??? safety Factor ??????? = 100

    34. ????????(Heavy metals)

    35. ??????? ???????? (heavy metals) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 g cm-3 ?????? 65 ???? ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????

    36. ?????????????????

    37. ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????????? (-NH2) ???? carboxyl (-COOH-) ??????????????? Thiol (sulhydryl; -SH) ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???? Pb ??? Ra ????????????????????????? (osseous tissue) ??????????????????? Cd ??? Hg

    38. ??????????????????????????? organometallics ??????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????? < 100 ?????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? pH, ????????????????????, ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? (???)

    39. ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? organometallic mercury ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? (???)

    40. ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????? (wet digestion), ????????????????????? (extraction), ??? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????? pH ???

    41. ?????????? Atomic absorption spectroscopy ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???

    42. ?????????????????????? Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

    43. ???????????????????? AAS ???????

    46. ??????????????????????? ???????? ?????? Ca ????? -????????????? Bioavailability ???Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg ??? Zn ???????????????? ????????? Chelating ??????????????????????? ???? Humic acid, ??????????????? ????????????? Metallothionein (MT) ??????????????? ?????? SH ????????????????????????????? ???????? Hg, Ag, Zn, Sn, Cd

    47. Metallothionein ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????????????????????????? Dose ???? ???????????????????????? MT ????????? ????????????????? hepatic glutathione ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????? (???)

    48. ?????????

    49. Speed: Billy Whiz, Crystal,Glass, Ice, Sulphate, Uppers

    50. ?????, Cocaine: Charge, Charlie,Chaz, Coke, Draw, Snow, Toot.

    51. ????? (Cannabis: Blow, Dope, Draw, Ganga,Gear, Grass, Hash, Marijuana, Pot, Skunk, Weed)

    53. ????? (LSD: Acid, Rips, Tabs, Trips)

    54. Crack: Base, Freebase, Pebbles,Rocks, Scud, wash

    55. ???? (Opium)

    56. ??????? (Heroin, Brown, Gear, H, Heaven,Horse, Junk, Skag, Smack)

    57. ????????????????????????? http://www.stfrancis.edu/ns/diab/ForensicCoursePPT/Ch9webDrugs.htm Planning an Analytical Scheme

    58. ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????

    59. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? (Confirmatory test) ????????????????????? Presumptive or Screening tests ??????????? presumptive or screening tests ????spot tests, TLC ??????????? Confirmatory test ???? IR-Spectrophotometer, GC-MS ??????????????????????????????????? (???)

    60. ??????????????????????? Preliminary visual examination of all samples Weigh all samples Select representative samples (if appropriate) Screening tests (usually spot tests) Separation tests confirmatory tests

    61. ?????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? PCP ????????????????? (?????????????????????) ?????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????

    62. 1. ??????? Screen ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? spot tests microscopic tests spectroscopic tests

    63. 1.1 ????????? (Spot Test) ?????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????? Positive ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? Negative ???????????????????????? Spot Test ???????????????(interference)??????? ????????????????? ????????????????????

    64. Marquis Test (?????????? ???????) ??? 2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid ?????????????????????? derivatives ??????? ??????????????????????????? amphetamines & methamphetamines

    65. Dillie-Koppanyi (???? barbiturates) ??? 1% cobalt acetate ?? methanol ??????? 5% isopropylamine ?? methanol ???????????????? ????? barbiturates

    66. Duquenois-Levine (?????????) Reagent A: 2% vanillin & 1% acetaldehyde inethanol Reagent B: concentrated hydrochloric acid Reagent C: chloroform solutions are added sequentially to vegetation ??????????????????????????????? Chloroform

    67. Van Urk Test (???? LSD) 1% solution of p-dimethlaminobenzaldehyde in10% concentrated hydrochloric acid andethanol ????? LSD ???????????????????

    68. Scott Test (?????????) Reagent A: 2% cobalt thiocayanate dissolve in water ??? glycerin (1:1) Reagent B: concentrated hydrochloric acid Reagent C: chloroform ??????????????????????? Reagent A ??????????????????? ??????? Reagent B ????????????????????????????????? ??????? Reagent C

    69. 1.2 ????????????????????????? (Microscopic Tests) ??????????????? 2 ??? ??? ?????????????????????(morphology tests) ????????????????????? ???? ????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? (microcrystal tests) ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????

    70. 2. ?????????? (Separation Tests) ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? TLC, GC, HPLC

    71. ??????????? Chromatography ??????? TLC or GC ????????????????????????????????? ?????????? Spot Test ??? Microscopic Test ????? Rf ?????????????????????

    72. 3. ????????????? (Confirmatory Tests) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? Spectroscopy ????????????? IR Spectrometer ??? Mass spectrometer ??????????????????????????????? (fingerprint)

    73. ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? - ??????????????? (screen test)???????????? - ?????????? ????????????? 2-8oC ??????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????????? - ????????????? ????????????????????????? - ????????????????????????????? EDTA - ?????? ????????????? - ???????????? ????? 24 ??????? - ????????????? ????????????????

    74. ???????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? Immunoassay ????????????? TLC GC/FID, GC/MS HPLC ?????????????????????????????????????? (???)

    75. ??????????????? Gas Chromatograph

    76. ?????????? Chromatography ????????????????????????? (stationary) ???????????????????? (mobile) ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????

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