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Narcotic Drugs

Narcotic Drugs. Pharmacologically classified as an analgesic Central Nervous System Depressants Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene. Hallucinogens. Marijuana Derived from the plant Cannabis Hashish – concentrated

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Narcotic Drugs

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  1. Narcotic Drugs • Pharmacologically classified as an analgesic • Central Nervous System Depressants • Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene

  2. Hallucinogens • Marijuana • Derived from the plant Cannabis • Hashish – concentrated • Sinsemilla – unfertilized flowering tops of the female Cannabis plant • Active ingredient is THC • Potency is normally 4-5% • Simsemilla averages 6-12% • Liquid hashish averages 8-22% • Potential medical uses

  3. Hallucinogens • LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus of certain grains and grasses • Powerful drug • Visual hallucinations, changes in moods, anxiety, tension, etc • Flashbacks possible

  4. Hallucinogens • Phencyclidine – PCP • Human response unpredictable • Dangerous drug – paranoia and violence possible • Schizophrenic behavior possible days after use • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (aka MDMA or ecstasy) • Originally patented as appetite suppressant • Severe adverse reactions, including fatal side effects

  5. Depressants • Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze, etc.) • Central nervous system depressant • Legalized and most widely used drug • A common effect is impairment • Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL • Barbiturates • All are derivatives of barbituric acid • Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital and butalbital • Methaqualon • . Tranquilizers • Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam • Inhalants • Volatile organic solvents – toluene, naphtha, gasoline among others • Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed by impaired judgment, drowsiness and stupor • Danger of liver, heart and brain damage

  6. Stimulants • Amphetamines • Initial feeling of well-being and alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite • Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites • Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties • Cocaine • First used medically by Freud in Europe • Medical use is now limited • Extracted from the leaves of coca plant (Erythroxylon coca) • “Crack” cocaine is the drug of choice • Cocaine produces the strongest psychological compulsions for continued use

  7. Anabolic Steroids • Synthetic chemicals related to testosterone • Used to promote muscle growth • Synthetic hormones have an androgenic effect • Medical side effects include liver damage, infertility, diminished sexual drive, and depression

  8. Drug Control Laws Controlled Substances Act • Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances • The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules • The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II. • Schedule I • No medical use • High potential for abuse • Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana

  9. Controlled Substances Act • Schedule II • High potential for abuse • Accepted medical use • Potential for psychological or physical dependence • Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting barbiturates • Schedule III • Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II • Currently accepted medical use • Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence • Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and some barbiturate preparations (phenobarbital not included)

  10. Controlled Substances Act • Schedule IV • Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs • Currently accepted medical use • Relatively low limited dependence risk • Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide • Schedule V • Low abuse potential • Medical use • Less potential for producing dependency • Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic medicinal ingredients

  11. Controlled Substances Act • Designer drugs • Can be placed under schedule I • Fentanyl analogues • Control of chemical precursors • Example – precursors to amphetamine, methamphetamine and PCP are controlled as schedule II substances

  12. Drug Identification • Screening tests • Color tests • Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines • Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates • Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana • Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD • Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine • Microcrystalline tests • TLC • Gas chromatography • HPLC • UV Spectroscopy

  13. Drug Identification • Confirmation tests • IR spectroscopy – fingerprint of an organic compound • GC/MS – the gold standard

  14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

  15. http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/MassSpec/masspec1.htmhttp://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/MassSpec/masspec1.htm

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