Boston University 8 Nov 2010

1. Energy and Development Boston University 8 Nov 2010 CENTER FOR HEALTH AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL

2. Outline • Unhealthy and Healthy Solutions • Financing Global Governance

3. Energy Infrastructure Vulnerabilities • Storms and interruptions • Heatwaves/blackouts 24 of 104: H2O shortages loom • Cooling water and nuclear power plants • Melting permafrost and pipelines • Warming Lightning • Montane glacier loss • hydropower • Coal-fired plants

4. Refineries Sludge, slurry & flyash 48 T/y CCS uranium thallium

5. The Annual Quantifiable Costsof Coal

6. Summary Table Annual life cycle costs of coal And costs per kWh above the current price of coal-fired electricity Epstein et al. Full Cost Accounting for the Life Cycle of Coal. Ecological Economics Reviews/NYAS, in press Jan 2011

7. Risks of CCS • Acidification of aquifers, leaching heavy metals into ground water. • Acidification and fractures of limestone (CaCO3). • Release of highly-concentrated CO2, toxic to plants, wild animals and humans. • Microbial communities may be altered, releasing other gases. • Increased pressures raise risks of leaks and releases. • Increased pressures may destabilize faults, causing earthquakes. • Significant investment and insurance liabilities likely. “Energy penalty” = 1.25 to 1.4 times as much coal to produce an equal amount of energy; increases diesel transport and all upstream stages.

8. Health and “The Yellow Cake Road” • Mining • Milling Worker and • Transport Community exposures • Processing • Energy plants Ground H2O, heat waves, accidents • Temporary storage • Plutonium reprocessed and stored • Long-term storage unsolved • One ‘Yucca Mountain’ q5-10 years 10 faults within 20-mile radius of Yucca Mt. Solitario Canyon just west of planned site can produce an 6.5 magnitude earthquake. -AP 9/25/07 • Security Thefts and attacks $77 bn Bow Ridge Fault - USGS 5/21/07

9. BIOFUELS EIO-LCA H E E Energy In and Out Acetaldehyde O3 BIOFUELS SOLAR ENERGY GHGs NOxs CO2 E Fermentation Energy In Sugar Corn/stalks Switch grass Farm waste Grease Transport Ethanol E Combustion Fertilizers E E Energy Out Recycling Land/Soils/Food production

10. Healthy Solutions Cars Trucks Trains Buses Ships Electric Vehicles Garden tools Cleanly-powered, smart grid Light-rail Healthy Cities CO2 O3, BC

11. ‘Smart,’ ‘Self-Healing,’ Resilient, Robust Grids “A Grand Wind Plan” 1.5 ml turbines: 3 TW by 2020 -L. Brown 2008 Geothermal Wind Regional Generation Critical loads Critical loads Co-Generation Renewables and Computerized technologies Central Generation Distributed Generation Batteries A Solar Grand Plan 69% grid by 2050 --Zweibel et al. SciAm 1/08 Geothermal heat pumps A/C Co-Generation Solar thermal arrays and PV

12. “Low Hanging Fruit” McKinsey & Co. 2007

13. Distributed Generation Distributed Development Water Purification Pumping Irrigation Desalinization Clean Energy: Necessary for Adaptation Schools Clinics Homes Computers Cooking Fortifying Infrastructure

14. Washington Consensus Debt Terms of Trade Tariffs & Subsidies TNCs IFIs GEF Bretton Woods Deregulation Regulation II Public/Private Partnership Privatization Fixed rates X Liberalization Constraints + Goods Capital

15. The Stern Review The Costs of Climate Change Damages 5-20% global GDP Includes non-linear impacts Adaptation Hundreds of $billions Mitigation 1% of GDP/yr IEA $500 billion/yr x 20 years

16. Denationalizing global funds • Currency Transactions • 1972: $18 bn/day • 1990: $1.5 trillion/day • 2010: $4 trillion/day • Tax to generate $1/2 trillion annually

17. Financial and Policy Instruments Aligning Rewards and Regulations Private sector Investments Insurance Ratings Public sector Incentives Infrastructure R&D Procurement practices “Carrots” Public Health TAXES, SUBSIDIES, FUNDS Security Economy INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK REGULATIONS EFFICIENCY STDS Climate Stability “Sticks” THE ENGINE OF GROWTH for the 21st CENTURY New Energy Plan Transport Utilities Buildings Corn Coal Nuclear Lobbies

18. http://chge.med.harvard.edu http://www.climatechangefutures.org

19. FOR Q&A

20. Stabilization Wedges 7 Natural Sinks 9. Forest mgmt/nurturing 10. Conservation tillage Energy Efficiency & Conservation 1. Public transport; plug-in hybrids 2. ‘Smart grid’ – distribution, storage, use 3. Green buildings 4. Conservation Fossil Fuel-based 11. Switch from Coal to Nat. Gas 12. C Capture & Storage (CCS) 13. H2 Fuel Cells 14. Coal-to-Liquid w/ CCS Renewables5. Wind 6. PV/Solar thermal 7. Geothermal 8. Biofuels 15. Nuclear fission No regrets Study needed

21. CE Green Buildings GC SF Estimated Savings Respiratory disease: $6 to $14 billion Allergies and asthma: $1 to $4 billion Sick building syndrome: $10 to $30 billion Worker performance: $20 to $160 billion Total Energy Savings: $70 billion Studies 1996USD B. Fisk. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Schools with natural light 20% faster on math tests 26% faster on reading tests Stores with natural light: 40% more sales Hospitals with better lighting & ventilation: improved patient outcomes

22. Investments in Our Common Future • WB Carbon Prototype Fund • $100 Million • Venture Capital/Private and Public Equity in US in 2007 • $117 Billion

23. Mountain Top Removal Air and water quality Respiratory, kidney and heart disease Injury and death -- Hendryx et al. 2008 & 20009; Levy et al. 2009

24. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Humans Vegetation Limestone Fractures Acidification -As -Pb Microbial communities -IPCC Tech Summary 2005

25. OIL LIFE CYCLE COSTS Harm Marine Mammals Shore birds Fisheries Consumers Livelihoods Poverty Conflict Exploration Extraction Transport crude Refining Transport refined Spills & Leaks MERCURY Benzene Air Pollution Petrochemicals Eutrophication NOxs Acid Rain Combustion Warming Oceans Coral Reefs SLR EWEs & EIDs Melting Polar Ice Climate Change