Challenges in Mainstreaming Gender Concerns

1. Challenges in Mainstreaming Gender Concerns Nutan Jain & Shiv D. Gupta Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), Jaipur National Consultative Workshop on Gender Training Resource Assessment and Design of Multimedia Gender Training Kit August 6-7, 2003 Electronic Media Production Center (EMPC), IGNOU, New Delhi

2. Women to Gender Gender and Development (GAD) The GAD approach is concerned not with women alone but with relations between women and men, and with understanding why women are consistently assigned secondary or inferior roles to men in society. Women are not passive objects of assistance or policies, but active subjects in social processes. In ICPD, 1994, gender equity and the empowerment of women were accepted as cornerstones for the planning of effective health and population programmes

3. Gender Mainstreaming Integration of gender concerns into the analyses, formulation and monitoring and evaluation of policies, programmes/ projects, with the objective of ensuring that these reduce inequalities between women and men

4. Manifestations of Gender Differences in Everyday Life

6. Social

7. Social

8. Educational

10. Occupational

11. Occupational

12. Political

13. Violence

14. Media

15. Media

16. Gender Mainstreaming in India • enshrined in the Indian Constitution • (in its preamble, chapters on fundamental rights, • fundamental duties, and directive principles) • due recognition of the need to design, implement and monitor • gender-sensitive policies and programmes at different levels with • full participation of women • equal property and inheritance rights for women • eradication of child labour and child prostitution • avoidance of sexual harassment at workplace • A committee on the status of women in India was set up in 1971 • for a comprehensive review of the questions relating to the • rights and status of women, within the matrix of a society in transition

17. Gender Mainstreaming in India • Active participation in International Year of Women (1975); and • International Women’s Decade (1975-1985) • A separate chapter on Women and Development in • the Sixth Five-year Plan (1980-85) • a break from the welfare approach to women’s issues • Dept. of Women and Child Development (1985) • National perspective Plan for Women (1998-2000)

18. Gender Mainstreaming in India National Commission on Women (1992) Central Social Welfare Board (1956) National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (1975) The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (1992) channel to micro-credit to women entrepreneurs National Policy for the Empowerment of Women (2001)

19. Gender Mainstreaming in Health Sector National level situation reports presented during the following conferences: Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme (1992) International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) IV World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995) Commonwealth Plan of Action on Gender and Development (1995) Sixth meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women’s Affairs - April 16-19, 2000 Reproductive Health Programme (life-cycle approach) (1995)

20. Gender Mainstreaming in Health Sector National Family Health Survey (1998-1999) included questions on women’s decision making Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (1971) Mahila Mandals Involvement of PRIs (with 33 per cent women members)

21. Women’s Exposure to Mass Media Women who are notregularly exposed to any media India Total 40 per cent Urban 13 per cent Rural 50 per cent SC 48 per cent ST 62 per cent OBC 41 per cent Others 31 per cent Source: NFHS II 1998-99

22. Women’s Exposure to Mass Media Women reads a newspaper or magazine at least once a week 21 per cent Women watches TV at least once a week 46 per cent Women listens to the radio at least once a week 36 per cent Women visits cinema/ theater at least once a month 11 per cent Source: NFHS II 1998-99

23. Redefine development Gender approach to development emphasizes the need to Recognize the diversity of men and women Transform gender relationship

24. Gender Role Framework Triple Role Framework Gender Analysis Matrix Gender Training Frameworks

25. Capacity Building of NGO Representatives 1999-2002 by IIHMR Transformational Training A team of woman and man Participatory planning A series of activities Empowerment = direction X support X autonomy X accountability

26. Issues covered Mental Health RCH-a paradigm shift Nutrition Marginalization Gender violence Subordination Gender stereotyping

27. Issues coveredcont... Rights based programming Sex ratio Access to care Traditional belief Monitoring & Evaluation Gender Indicators Traditional practices Gender Planning

28. Institutionalizing Gender at IIHMR Module on Gender and Health WHRC Use of gender- sensitive terminology Journal of Health Management Gender & Health Changes at Policy level

29. Challenges for Gender Mainstreaming Gender Training Understanding of the concepts Team of Trainers (both male & female) Use bias free vocabulary Don’t forget one-half of the population What are the benefits and risks of changing perception Gender throughout the life cycle Remove misconceptions

30. Challenges for Gender Mainstreaming Gender Training Cross-cultural issues ? Right-based programming Rights along with duties Slow pace Monitoring & Evaluation Gender-sensitive data Gender-sensitive Indicators

31. It is fatal to be a man or woman pure and simple one must be a woman manly, or a man womanly.