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HCI History

HCI History Key people, events, ideas and paradigm shifts Agenda Questions History of interactive breakthroughs Themes People Why study HCI history? Interactive paradigms (change) What is a true paradigm? What has been influential? What worked? Learn from the past

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HCI History

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  1. HCI History Key people, events, ideas and paradigm shifts CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  2. Agenda • Questions • History of interactive breakthroughs • Themes • People CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  3. Why study HCI history? • Interactive paradigms (change) • What is a true paradigm? • What has been influential? • What worked? • Learn from the past CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  4. Some additional resources • Howard Rheingold – Tools for Thought • History of interactive breakthroughs, online at: http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/ • James Landay & Jason Hong – The Past, Present, Future of Interactive Computing • http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jasonh/cs39i-seminar CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  5. Rough outline… ? WIMP (Windows) User Productivity Command Line Batch ? 1980s - Present 1960s – 1970s 1940s – 1950s Time CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  6. (Some of the) key technological advances / paradigm shifts • Sensor-based & context-aware computing • Time-sharing & networks • Video display units • Programming toolkits • Personal computing • Windows • Metaphors • Direct manipulation • Language vs. action (agents) • Hypertext / WWW • Multi-modality • Ubiquitous computing CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  7. (Some of the) key people & events • People • Vannevar Bush • Douglas Engelbart • Ivan Sutherland • J.C.R. Licklider • Alan Kay • Ted Nelson • Mark Weiser • Events • Founding of Xerox PARC • Lisa / Macintosh CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  8. In the beginning – Computing in 1945 • Harvard Mark I • 55 feet long, 8 feet high, 5 tons CS 4750 - Fall 2004 Jason Hong / James Landay, UC Berkeley Picture from http://piano.dsi.uminho.pt/museuv/indexmark.htm

  9. Computing in 1945 • Ballistics calculations • Physical switches (before microprocessor) • Paper tape • Simple arithmetic & fixed calculations (before programs) • 3 seconds to multiply CS 4750 - Fall 2004 Jason Hong / James Landay, UC Berkeley Picture from http://www.gmcc.ab.ca/~supy/

  10. Batch processing • Computer had one task, performed sequentially • No “interaction” between operator and computer after starting the run • Punch cards, tapes for input • Serial operations CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  11. Innovator: Vannevar Bush • Faculty at MIT • Director of Office of Scientific Research & Development • Coordinate WWII effort with 6,000 scientists • “As We May Think” - 1945 Atlantic Monthly • Postulated Memex device • Stores all records/articles/communications • Items retrieved by indexing, keywords, cross references (now called hyperlinks) • (Envisioned as microfilm, not computer) • http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  12. Memex CS 4750 - Fall 2004 Picture from http://www.dynamicdiagrams.com/design/memex/model.htm#download

  13. As We May Think • Futuristic inventions / trends • Wearable cameras for photographic records CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  14. As We May Think • Automatic transcripts of speech CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  15. As We May Think • Other visions • Encyclopedia Brittanica for 5 cents • Direct capture of nerve impulses • Some have come true • Increased specialization • Flood of information • Faster / Cheaper / Smaller / More reliable • Some he missed or we are still waiting • Microphotography? • Memex? CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  16. As We May Think • Not so much predicting future as "inventing it" by publishing article • hypertext • wearable memory aid • Use technology to augment human intellectual abilities • New kinds of technology lead to new kinds of human/machine & human/human interaction • Be aware that science/engineering can impact society CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  17. Technological advance / paradigm shift: Networks & time-sharing • Batch processing  interactive computing • Computers still too expensive for individuals timesharing • increased accessibility • interactive systems, not jobs • text processing, editing • email, shared file system • There was need for HCI in the design of programming languages CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  18. Innovator: J.C.R. Licklider • 1960 - Postulated “man-computer symbiosis” • Couple human brainsand computing machinestightly to revolutionizeinformation handling • 1968 – “The Computer as a Communication Device” CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  19. Computing in 1960s • Transistor (1948) • Timesharing (1950s) • Terminals and keyboards • ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency (1958) • Computers still primarily for scientists and engineers CS 4750 - Fall 2004 Jason Hong / James Landay, UC Berkeley

  20. Innovator: Ivan Sutherland • SketchPad - 1963 PhD thesis at MIT • Hierarchy - pictures & subpictures • Master picture with instances (i.e., OOP) • Constraints • Icons • Copying • Light pen input device • Recursive operations • Technological advance: Video display units • Start of Direct Manipulation CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  21. Innovator: Douglas Englebart • Landmark system/demo: • hierarchical hypertext, multimedia, mouse, high-res display, windows, shared files, electronic messaging,CSCW, teleconferencing, ... • Invented the mouse • All this took place before • Unix and C (1970s) • ARPAnet (1969) & later Internet CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  22. Programming toolkits • How do humans attack complex problems? • Allowed for “bootstrapping” • People could build complex systems more quickly and easily • In later writings: Collective-IQ CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  23. The dawn of the desktop – Xerox PARC • Established 1970 • Bob Taylor heads CSL - Computer Systems Lab • 1971 • Laser printer (Gary Starkweather) • 1973 • Ethernet (Bob Metcalfe) • Alto personal computer (Chuck Thacker) CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  24. More from Xerox PARC • Real-time windowing operations • BitBlt • Daniel Bobrow CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  25. Innovator: Alan Kay • Smalltalk • Dynabook - Notebook sized computer loaded with multimedia and can store everything • Technological advance: Personal computing • LOGO (Papert) – enabled children to program using a simple language • Computing more accessible to “regular people” CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  26. Paradigm: WIMP / GUI • Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers • Graphical User Interface • WIMP interface allows you to do several things simultaneously • Has become the familiar GUI interface • Xerox Alto, Star; early Apples • Computer as a “dialogue partner” CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  27. PCs with GUIs • Xerox PARC - mid 1970’s • Alto • local processor, bitmap display, mouse • Precursor to modern GUI,windows, menus, scrollbars • LAN - Ethernet CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  28. Xerox Star - 1981 • First commercial PC designed for “business professionals” • desktop metaphor, pointing, WYSIWYG, high degree of consistency and simplicity • First system based on usability engineering • Paper prototyping and analysis • Usability testing and iterative refinement CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  29. Xerox Star - 1981 (flop) • 1st commercial PC • $15k cost • closed architecture • lacking key functionality(spreadsheet) CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  30. Apple Lisa - 1982 • Based on ideas of Star • More personal rather than office tool • Still $$$ - $10K to $12K • Failure CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  31. Apple Macintosh - 1984 • Aggressive pricing - $2500 • Not trailblazer, smart copier • Good interface guidelines • 3rd party applications • High quality graphics and laser printer CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  32. Paradigm: Metaphors • LOGO’s turtle • Office desktop • Mapping new interactions to existing, familiar concepts • Others? CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  33. Paradigm: Direct Manipulation • ‘82 Shneiderman describes appeal of rapidly-developing graphically-based interaction • object visibility • incremental action and rapid feedback • reversibility encourages exploration • replace language with action • syntactic correctness of all actions • WYSIWYG, Apple Mac CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  34. Paradigm: Language vs. action (agents) • User understands system or interface translates for user • Tradeoff between requiring the system to understand the user, and user to understand the system • Tradeoffs between language and direct manipulation CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  35. Paradigm: CSCW • Computer-Supported Cooperative Work • No longer single user/single system • Many users, shared system, but now the users are interacting with each other • Micro-social aspects are crucial • E-mail as prominent success but other groupware still not widely used CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  36. Innovator: Ted Nelson • Computers can help people, not just business • Coined and popularized term “hypertext” • Xanadu CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  37. Paradigm: Hypertext • Think of information not as linear flow but as interconnected nodes • Bush’s MEMEX & Nelson’s hypertext • Non-linear browsingstructure • Hypermedia • WWW in ’93 was thereal launch CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  38. Paradigm: WWW • Two Key Components • URL • Browser • Tim Brenners-Lee did both1991 first text-based browser • Marc Andreesen created Mosaic (first graphic browser, 1993) CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  39. Paradigm: Multi-modality • Mode is a human communication channel • Not just the senses • e.g. speech and non-speech audio are two modes • Emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for I/O CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  40. Innovator: Mark Weiser • Introduced notion of Ubiquitous Computing and Calm Technology • It’s everywhere, but recedes quietly into background • Was CTO of Xerox PARC CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  41. Paradigm: Ubiquitous Computing • Person is no longer user of single device but occupant of computationally-rich environment • Many computers to one person • Can no longer neglect macro-social aspects • Off the desktop to the laptop, PDAs, cell phones, … CS 4750 - Fall 2004

  42. Sensor-based & context-aware computing • Commanding a system  implicit interaction • Data used to make inferences about a situation • Controversial & still problematic CS 4750 - Fall 2004

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