Welcome to the Native American Food Museum by Tina Tenenholtz

1. Welcome to the Native American Food Museum by Tina Tenenholtz ENTER

2. Helpful Cooking Tools Press for Curator Recipes Native American Food Museum Museum Entrance How Natives Get Food

3. Museum Entrance Native American Recipes Add Artifact 6 Room 2 Add Artifact 8 Add Artifact 5 Add Artifact 7

4. Museum Entrance How Natives Get Food to Eat Add Artifact 9 Room 3 Add Artifact 12 Add Artifact 11

5. Museum Entrance Helpful Cooking Tools Room 4 Add Artifact 13 Add Artifact 14 Add Artifact 15

6. Native American Food Pyramid Before the Europeans arrived, the Native Americans had a fairly healthy lifestyle. Their diets included hunted meat, plants, berries, and fruits. After the Europeans came, the food supply started to deplete. There was less food due to all of the Pioneers arriving in the New World. It was beginning to become hard to hunt because of war, the introduction of railroads, and the senseless killing of bison by the Europeans. With all of these factors, it was hard to stay healthy. Image acquired at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/Fpyr/NAmFGP.html Return to Room

7. Ways Native Americans Cooked Natives had several ways to cook their food. They cooked food over a fire or pit. Meat and other foods were boiled, deep fried, or roasted, just to name a few. Image acquired at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/abbeychristine/184138714/ Return to Room

8. Hot Rock Cooking This technique was mainly used to prepare large amounts of food that required long, slow cooking. These underground “ovens” had different layers to cook foods that were inedible or even poisonous. Meat can also be roasted using this method. These “ovens” are still used today in some areas of the world. Image acquired at: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/dinner/ Return to Room Click here for directions on how to make an underground oven.

9. How to Make an Underground Oven • Dig a shallow hole or pit. • Build a fire in the pit. • Place large rocks like limestone or basalt on top of the burning wood. After several hours these rocks will be glowing and reach over 750 degrees. • Add a large layer of green plants. Wet grass or prickly pear pads work best. • Put the food on top of the green plants. • Add another layer of green plants. This will produce steam and it will keep the food from getting dirty and keep it from burning. • Cover with a thick layer of dirt. This will serve as a lid. • Depending on what is being cooked, some foods would be kept underground for two or three days. Image acquired at: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/dinner/ Return

10. Winnowing This trick was used to separate seeds from stems, husks, or other debris. Native Americans would place the seeds in a flat basket or tray. After tossing them in the air, the wind would blow away unwanted materials. If it wasn’t windy enough, this wouldn’t work quite as well. If it was too windy, the seeds would blow away. The seeds were then ready to be used. Image acquired at: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/dinner/ Return to Room

11. Corn Soup Ingredients2 cups cooked corn1/2 lb. salt pork2 large onions, sliced3 cups potatoes, boiled and diced4 cups hot whole milk2 cups boiling waterSalt and pepper to taste DirectionsCut pork into 1/2 inch cubes; add onion and cook slowly 5-10 minutes, stirring until transparent but not browned.Add corn, potatoes, hot milk and boiling water.Season to taste and serve hot.Goes well with fry bread. Image acquired at: http://www.Amerindian arts.us/gorman/1995/maizeazul.shtml Return to Room

12. Dipped Squash Blossoms Ingredients 2 dozen Squash Blossoms gathered early in the morning 3/4 cup of milk 1 tablespoon flour 1/2 tsp salt 1/2 cup cooking oil Directions Thoroughly mix flour, milk, and salt. Place squash blossoms in shallow pan and spoon flour mixture over them, coating all sides. Heat oil in large skillet until at high temperature. Spoon batter-coated blossoms into hot oil and fry until golden brown. Drain on paper toweling and serve hot. For those with a taste for the spicy, sprinkle with a little New Mexico style red chili. Good with a dish of refried pinto beans, pueblo succotash, and Indian tortillas. Image acquired at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/abbeychristine/184138714/ Return to Room

13. Indian Fry Bread Ingredients 4 cups white flour 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 tablespoon baking powder Directions Combine all ingredients. Add about 1 1/2 cups lukewarm water and knead until dough is soft but not sticky. Shape dough into balls the size of a small peach. Shape into patties by hand; dough should be about l/2 inch thick. Make a small hole in the center of the round. Fry one at a time in about l inch of hot lard or shortening in a heavy pan. Brown on both sides. Drain on paper towels and serve hot with honey or jam. Image acquired at: http://www.cookingpost.com/ProductItem.cfm?Category=7 Return to Room

14. Sweet Potato Cakes Ingredients4 large sweet potatoes3 eggs1 1/2 teaspoons salt1/8 teaspoon fresh ground pepper1 Tablespoon cooking oil Directions Parboil sweet potatoes until tender; peel and mash.Mix in eggs, salt, pepper.Heat oil on large griddle until a drop of water sizzles.Drop potato batter from a large spoon; brown on both sides.As you turn the pancakes, flatten them with a spatula slightly.Add oil on the griddle as needed.Serve hot with butter or honey. Image acquired at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cwage/180095534/ Return to Room

15. Fishing Native American tribes that lived near the coasts also fished for food. They enjoyed salmon and clams along with other fish and shellfish. In the summer, Native tribes could catch enough salmon for an entire winter. Image acquired at: http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0205YruVIwGsAaoCjzbkF/SIG=11nbo65o7/EXP=1223098328/**http%3A//all-kids.us/animal-page.html Return to Room

16. Hunting Native Americans hunted for food any place they could. They firmly believed in not wasting food, so if they killed an animal for any reason, they put a lot of effort into using every part of it. Favorite meats included buffalo, elk, caribou, deer, and rabbit. They also hunted ducks, geese, and turkeys. It was not unusual for the Natives to eat porcupines, monkeys, and snakes. The men would do the hunting while the women would gather roots, berries, and nuts. Image acquired at: http://www.indigenouspeople.net/images/BuffaloHunt1.jpg Return to Room

17. Farming In the Southern part of America, agriculture was extremely advanced. To improve their farming, Natives had to use different farming techniques like crop rotation, irrigation, and planting windbreaks. The farmers had to use stone hatchets, pointed sticks, hoes, and bone shovels to farm on their land. Crops grown for food included squash, beans, and corn (also known as maize); these three crops were also know as the Three Sisters. These three foods depended on each other, and grow in the same area. The beans grew up the corn stalks, with the squash in between, providing the nitrogen that the soil needs for growth. Image acquired at: http://www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/WOODS/farming.asp Return to Room

18. Gathering Collecting of different foods that grow in the wild is called gathering. Foods commonly gathered include blueberries, acorns, and maple syrup. Depending on where the tribes lived would determine what types of foods they would be able to gather and the types of tools to be used for gathering. For example, a tap was needed to get the syrup out of Maple trees. Image acquired at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/True.berries.jpg/400px-True.berries.jpg Return to Room

19. Fishing Spears Men typically used spears to catch fish. Spear fishing was considered a man’s job and done usually in the winter (ice fishing) or spring. Fishing with a hook and string was usually a woman’s job. Spears were made from wood with points made from bone. After the Europeans arrived they used metal. Spears would have single or triple points on them depending on the size of the fish being caught. Image acquired at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lilfishstudios/2502957964/ Return to Room

20. The Adobe Oven Adobe ovens, also known as Hornos in Spanish, have been around for hundreds of years. They are outdoor ovens that are made from natural adobe brick. Inside you will find a stone base that retains heat. Before cooking in an horno, a fire should burn to at least 350 degrees. It will take about two hours to reach that temperature. If the horno turns black, it is too hot. After about 35 minutes, you will have a delicious, perfectly baked loaf of bread. Of coarse, the horno can also be used to cook other foods. In some parts of the Southwest, Hornos are still being used in restaurants, hotels, and even homes. Image acquired at: www.sucasamagazine.com/contents/Autumn07/departments/swdesign.html Return to Room

21. Cradle Boards The cradle board was a typical North American baby carrier that was used by women to carry a child. It was a resting place for the child so the mother can do her daily chores, including cooking. Babies were bound and wrapped, feeling safe and secure. Using cradle boards helped the mothers move freely about when cooking daily meals. Image acquired at: http://navajo-arts.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=58 Return to Room

22. Native American Food Processors This tool required a lot of human energy in order to pound, crush, and grind seeds, grains, or nuts. A mortar was the “bowl” where the food was placed to be pounded, crushed… These were often hollowed-out logs or a depression in a flat rock. The pestle (a long rounded stone or wooded stick with a rounded end) would be used to pound the food. The Natives would then have to raise the pestle up and down, resulting in the food being ground up. This tool closely resembles a butter churn. Image acquired at: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/dinner/kitchen.html Return to Room

23. Basket for Gathering Berries This was a typical woven basket. Native Americans used something like this in many different ways. Berries or other fruits, nuts, or roots were collected in baskets. Children would have them attached to their belts so they can help with the chores. Once smaller baskets were filled, they were dumped into larger ones. Often children wove their own baskets. Image acquired at: http://www.canyonart.com/Images/Baskets/b2X.jpg Return to Room

24. Tina Tenenholtz Tina Tenenholtz is a 5th Grade Social Studies Specialist at O’Roarke Elementary School. She has been working at O’Roarke since it opened in August of 2008. She has been teaching for the Clark County School District since 2002. Before moving to Las Vegas, Mrs. Tenenholtz taught for six years in Chicago, Illinois. Mrs. Tenenholtz currently lives in Las Vegas, Nevada with her husband and two young daughters. Spending time with her family is one of her priorities in life. She enjoys taking Mia and Angeli to the park and cooking different meals for her family and friends. You can contact Mrs. Tenenholtz at tmtenenholtz@interact.ccsd.net Return to Room Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler based on one of the sample virtual museums provided by the Keith Valley staff at ISTE’s NECC 2005. Contact Dr. Keeler for more information on using this template.