southeast asian civilization

1. Southeast Asian Civilization

3. Insular SEA ( Malaysia, Indonesia, PHILIPPINES and Singapore) is given the title “ anthropologists’ paradise” because of the relics ( skeletons, utensils and musical instrument of pre-historic inhabitants) found therein

4. Of these 11 nations, only Thailand was not successfully invaded by the Western colonizers who took interest of the SEA region’s rich natural resources ( especially spices )

5. The Wind-dominated Islands “ Lands below the Wind” were the coastal Kingdom of Brunei, Indonesia and Borneo. One had to sail down on the north wind to reach home. “Lands above the Wind” were India and China and other distant realms, because one sailed up north to reach them.

6. Early History Four major contemporary civilization that exist in the region : 1.Sinic 2.Indic 3.Islamic 4.Western

7. 3 epochs of human development Paleolithic ( Old Stone ) age where human and artifacts were found mostly in the Java area ( Apeman/Java man, Wadjack man, and Australoid featured man) Mesolithic (Middle Stone) age when Australoid-Verddoid type of humans emerged. Also appearing in this period were the people like the negritos.In this period there was continued use of bones and stone implements.

8. Neolithic (new-stone)age when neolithic people emerged.Their descendants form the population today. Their tools were hard stones ( quadrangular adzes and chisels) used for building houses and boats, carving and cutting woods. People have began to settle in communities also unlike the hunting and gathering ones in the previous ages.

9. Bronze-Iron Culture: Dongson Dongson is after a village in Vietnam where bronze industry was first discovered The industry was passed down from China to SEA The most distinctive products of Dongson were the largest bronze drum decorated with ornamental patterns with stylized animal and human representations

10. Associated with this culture is the Megalithis culture represented by sculptures and base reliefs as well as monumental structures ( i.e slave graves and tombs stones ) only smaller than the Sumatran megalithics Dongson period commenced the cultural traits of India and China in the region

11. Recorded Chinese and Indian Cultures in SEA Chinese pottery discovered in Indonesia Mention of SEA as dynastic history by the the seafaring chinese in quest for pearls and precious stones Chinese and Indian monks and pilgrims traversed the region Occupation by China of the areas bordering North Vietnam Mongol invasion of most SEA lands Indian exported ideas and received students and merchants and colonists The Epic Ramayana referred to islands of gold and barley in the area of lower Burma and Malay Peninsula

12. Indian Buddhist emperor Asoka sent missionaries to Burma Sanskrit inscription found in Cambodia, Cochin-china, Burma, Malaya, and Indonesia SEA received from India new religion complete with laws,myths,philosophies, temples,languages, writing and political theory

13. Earliest Indianized states Funan – appeared in 3 regions, i.e. Mekong Delta, the coastal strip of present day Vietnam south oh Hue and Northern Malaya -Deriverd from a Khmer word meaning mountains -Ruling dynasty was found by Brahman named Kaundinya who married the queen of the country explained in the Pallava dynastic Myth ( the lady was a Naga princess, a mythical rhine-headed cobra of the Khmers); the posterity of the country was maintained by the union of the Khmer king and Naga princess -Became an imperial power under a ruler whose name appeared in Chinese chronicles -This Khmer kingdom was called by chinese as “Chenla” ( the water and land chenla)

14. Champa- people whose remains were found in Annam,a modern Vietnamese division -first appeared in history under the name Lin-in in the reports of the chinese governer of Tonkin who complained of the raids - indicated shiva-worship as the court religion - there were constant expedition against champa as a sort of punishment to them for disturbing the southern frontier of China - their freedom from China substituted their former sinic culture to an indianized Champa culture

15. States of Malaya and Indonesia Sailandra rule – in sanskrit it means “king of mountains” - original name was Sanjaya ( the ninth of his line but first to attain substantial power) - the king of Sailandra, Vishnu or Pancapana started the Borubudur, a structure as an impressive expression of Buddhist fervor.

16. - It maintained connections with the Indianized states located in SEA mainland - With Sailandra’s help Jayavarman II seized Lower Chenla for a dynastic rival and unified the new Kingdom of Cambodia - Borubudur was an outstanding example of dynastic and religious monument constructed in Kedu plain. It marked a high point in Java’s culture - The ashes of nine Sailandra rulers entomed in Pancapana were deposited in Borubudur

17. Sri Vijaya Empire- one of the early states in the Malacca Strait and in Central Java - chinese records refer to it as Kan-to-li and later Sna-For- Tsi - It founded several coastal colonies to maintain its commercial supremacy - it conquered the whole of Sumatra, Malay peninsula, West and Central Java, and helped Jayavarman II ascend to the Khmer Throne

18. -Indian merchants became interested in trading with this Indonesian archipelago when the Roman Empire decreased its trade with South India. The Chinese too became interested with the Southeast Asian products. This the coastal Indonesians took advantage of -Sri Vijaya maintained supremacy in West Indonesia while Airlangga undertook reconstitution of Javanese state. - From the time of Airlangga, Javanese influence began to spread slowly to the eastern part. Airlangga’s younger brother Anak Wungau, reigned in Bali. There had also been renewed influence from the Javanese-speaking areas in West Java, formerly a dependency of Sri Vijaya. This development made possible the unification of Indonesia later on

19. The Kediri period is especially for its literary achievements and a revival of Vishnu worship coinciding with the developments in India and cambodia No architectural monument s survived during Airlangga’s reign but witnessed the unparalleled flowering of Indo-Javanese literature ( vernacular adaptations of Indian epics, original poetry, even Airlangga’s life story was later fitted into Hindu allegory of Saint Arjuna) - Javanese power ( through Kertanegara’s took over of Singhasari)developed rapidly and taking advantage of the deteriorating power of Sri Vijaya, occupied the coastal Borneo, Sunda Strait, southern portion of Malaya and contested against Sri Vijaya control over the Malacca Strait

20. The ambitious policy of Singhasari, fashioned in part to counter monggol threat,attracted hostile attention of Chinese authorities Commerce within the area got the interest of the Monggol Kublai Khan wanting to revise sea-borne trade; He also got attracted to the deteriorating Malacca Straits - Later, Sri Vijaya’s ports degenerated into semi-piracy and when Marco Polo passed through the straits, Sri Vijayawas already gone.

21. Singhasari Empire The Javanese capital of Singhasari was founded by Ken Angkor ( man born out of a peasant family but credited for his superhuman powers The Monggol invasion of Java marked the end of Singhasari Empire and the beginning of the Majapahit Empire

22. Majapahit Empire Majapahit was the last medieval Hindu-Javanese empire to wield much influence in Southeast Asia When emissaries from Mongol China appeared at Singhasari in 1289, the great warrior-king Kertanagara promptly arrested and expelled them. This provoked a punitive Chinese expedition to eastern Java it arrived to find that Kertanagara had been killed in an uprising engineered by a prince of the displaced house of Kediri. Kertanagara's son Vijaya was forced to flee to a village on the Brantas River named Majapahit (bitter fruit)

23. Majapahit filled the political vacuum left by the fall of the Srivijaya empire and the dissolution of its temporary successor, Singhasari. Majapahit could claim domination over most of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula and extended hold up to as far north as Kedah, Langkasuka, and Pantai Majapahit's influence extended to much of what now comprises Indonesia, extending to territories on the south and west coasts of Borneo, and to southern Celebes and the Moluccas Some even claim that Majapahit power was felt as far away as the Indo-Chinese peninsula, in Siam, Cambodia, and Annam, though this is doubtful he infiltration of Islam from the Straits of Malacca into the Southeast Asian archipelago gradually undermined the influence of Majapahit by the late fifteenth century Majapahit was reduced to little more than an eastern Javanese state with a glorious past

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