Guyana

1. Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean - Preparing national and Regional Institutions to respond effectively to the impacts of climate change. Antigua & Barbuda Grenada Guyana The Bahamas by Leslie Walling Deputy Manager St. Lucia Barbados St. Kitts & Nevis Belize St. Vincent & the Grenadines Dominica Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago

2. Area of Caribbean Sea • = 1.94 x 106 km2 • Astronomical Tidal Range • = 20 to 30 cm. • East to west flowing Caribbean Current traverses the Caribbean (part of the general Atlantic Circulation).

3. Regional Response • 1992 - UNCED: Agenda 21 • 1994 May - UNGC SD/SIDS: Barbados Program of Action (BPOA), 15 priorities • 1994 Sept - Regional Tech Consultation: Draft project document • 1995 May – GEF Council approval to Work Program.

4. Regional Response • 1995 Sept – 1st (Regional) Technical Consultation • 1994 Q4 – National Consultations: NICUs and NFPs formed. • 1996 Jan – 2nd Regional Consolation: develop work plan and pilot project selection • 1996 May – 3rd Regional Consultation: pre-appraisal review; structure, finance, operations & activities.

5. The Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change Project • The GEF-funded Project (1997-2001) is executed by the Organization of American States in partnership with the University of the West Indies Center for Environment and Development, (UWICED) for the World Bank as the GEF Implementing Agency.

6. CPACC OBJECIVES Overall Objective of CPACC To support Caribbean countries in preparing to cope with the adverse effects of global climate change, particularly sea level rise in coastal areas. Identify & assess policy options & instruments Strengthen monitoring & analysis of climate and sea level Enhance Regional & national capabilities Develop an integrated Management & planning framework Identify vulnerable areas

7. CPACC COMPONENTS (1) Regional Components C2: Database & information systems C3: Inventory of coastal resources C4: Formulation of policy framework C1: Monitoring Network (2) National Pilot Components C5: Coral reef monitoring C6: Coastal vulnerability & risk assessment C7: Economic Valuation of coastal resources C8: Formulation of econ/regulatory proposals C9: National communications & GHGI inventory

8. Specific Achievements • Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring system • Improved access and availability of data • Increased appreciation of climate change issues at the policy-making level • Meeting country needs for expanded vulnerability assessment • Establishment of coral reef monitoring protocols • Created a network for regional harmonization

9. C1:Design and Establish SL Monitoring Network- Objective • Install a sea-level/climate-observation network in the participating countries, to enable the region to start compiling data relevant for the long-term monitoring of climate change

10. C1:Design and Establish SL Monitoring Network - Achievements • 18 monitoring stations installed • - Water level, barometric pressure, air temp, R-humidity, rainfall, SST, wind direction,& gust speed. • CIMH: responsible for coordination, quality control, calibration and special maintenance • Trust fund set up for maintenance • Data download, QA/QC & archiving – RAC established in yr. 3 on UWI campus in Trinidad • www.cpaccrac.org data presentation & products

11. C1: Design & Installation of SL Monitoring System - Lessons Learned • Varying levels of starting capacity & in-house expertise. • Subsequent development of capacity was uneven. • Need for additional training in; • digital monitoring systems • the use of tidal data: develop applications (CZM & E) • modern SL data collection & GPS surveying (NLS & CZMUs) • for GPS OCRES capacity development in Barbados.

12. C1: Design & Installation of SL Monitoring System - The Way Forward • Stronger local interest & participation in the daily use of the data. • Consider more immediate localized data delivery. • Review objectives & needs in light of improved technology. • Training to all technicians (digital data systems, tidal & GPS surveying). • Address outstanding technical & institutional deficiencies to ensure optimal network performance. • Strengthen Regional Network Coordination function.

13. C2: Establishment of Databases & Information Systems- Objective An enabling activity to facilitate access to information for the wide range of project stakeholders and general users and to meet the needs of the project management team.

14. C2: Establishment ofDatabases & Information Systems-Achievements • Information Access, Management and Communication through the internet: • Establishment of CPACC Website www.cpacc.org • Basic information on project objectives activities • Progress reports, workshop reports, methodologies etc • Calendar of CPACC and related activities • Access to data from 18 monitoring stations

15. C2: Establishment of Databases & Information Systems- Lessons Learned • Pace with which info technology changes demands flexibility (opportunity/obsolescence). • Web development required stronger , coordinated, PEO support. • Technical emphasis of website met info needs of project and stakeholders.

16. C2: Establishment of Databases & Information Systems- The Way Forward • Ensure strong PEO component in future projects. • Incorporate strong PEO elopement into future web designs and information strategies. • Place emphasis on the use of the website as a strategic tool for PEO. • In the future the website will project the image of the project/organization. • Support network and related systems through training for staff and participants.

17. C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses – Objectives • The objective was to developing an application that would allow greater access data and information for decision-making, including the adaptation to climate change. • Emphasis was placed on the capacity-building elements.

18. C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses - Achievements • CRIS delivered to 12 countries. • Provided and installed in 6 countries • Sent to remaining countries • Ikonos Satellite imagery acquired for a countries • Complete technical proficiency in at least one national institution • Facilitate storage, retrieval, updating, analysis and manipulation of coastal resource data

19. C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses - Lessons Learned • Flexibility in approach to project design and implementation helps to optimize counterpart participation. • Appropriate financial support necessary to alleviate counterpart overload. • Regular reviews among key, knowledgeable practitioners was valuable. • Utilization of national and Regional expertise proved advantageous.

20. C3: Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses The Way Forward • Commitment by all concerned parties to: • flexibility in implementation to optimize the quality of country participation. • Budgetary support for counterparts to alleviate counterpart overload. • Utilization of national & Regional expertise • Regular technical review among key, knowledgeable practitioners. • Provide technical support & follow-up to address technical issues and those associated with delivery.

21. C4: Formulation of PolicyFramework for Integrated Adaptation Planning & Management– Objectives Strengthen national capacity for analyzing climate and sea-level dynamics and trends, seeking to determine the immediate and potential impacts of global climate change; • Identify areas particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and sea-level rise; • Develop an integrated management and planning framework for cost-effective response and adaptation to the impacts of global climate change; and • Identify and assist in the development of policy options and instruments that could help to initiate a long-term programme of adaptation to global climate change in vulnerable coastal areas.

22. C4: Formulation of PolicyFramework for Integrated Adaptation Planning & Management – Achievements • This was the final component to be implemented • Outputs: (1) National Climate Change Issues Papers, (2) National Climate Change Adaptation Policies and Implementation Plans • 10 policies in draft final stage: M.O for mainstreaming • St.Lucia’s (2001) and Dominica’s (2002) approved by Cabinet • All policies expected to be submitted to local Cabinets by third quarter of 2002

23. C4: Formulation of Policy Framework for Integrated Adaptation Planning & Management - Lessons Learned • A staggered start to the implementation of this project component allowed it to benefit from lessons learned earlier in the implementation process. • Flexibility: The component addressed issues of concern to policy makers to insure “Buy in” . • Immediate adaptation response measures were justifiable on the basis that response measures that reduced vulnerability to climate variability would contribute to adaptation to longer-term climate change.

24. C4: Formulation of Policy Framework for Integrated Adaptation Planning & Management- The Way Forward • Support the formulation of specific adaptation policy responses by developing capacity within the Region to: • conduct in-depth impact/vulnerability studies, • develop and use down-scaled global climate models, • develop and use site-specific climate scenarios. • Employ more precise scientific data as it becomes available to better define feasible & coast-effective adaptation options.

25. C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts– Objectives • Establish a long-term monitoring programme, which over time will show the effects of global warming factors on coral reefs. • Identify methodologies to adjust and extend current efforts to monitor the impacts of global warming on reefs; • Undertake specific activities dedicated to raising public awareness of coral reefs and climate change; and • Disseminate information and methodology to all the participating countries.

26. C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts - Achievements • Monitoring systems in place and data analysis implemented in 3 countries • Data centre established at CMS, UWI, Jamaica • Synergies developed with other monitoring programmes allowing comparison and assessment of methodologies • Methodologies adapted, tested and made available through the CPACC website

27. C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts -Lessons Learned • Government commitment to project activities should embody acknowledgement & and agreement by prospective lead agencies of their respective roles and responsibilities. • Provide lead agencies with sufficient lead time to adjust annual work plans and budgets. • PEO is an essential complimentary activity. • Technical review workshops are invaluable management & planning tools for building and sustaining commitment to project objectives. • Sustainability: Mentoring & the centralized coordination & technical-support functions must be institutionalized .

28. C5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts - The Way Forward • Maintain the momentum of the programme through; • capacity building, • Institutionalization of coral reef monitoring, coordination and technical support, • Expand programme to Eastern Caribbean • Data contributions to global information networks • Support for coral reef monitoring and capacity building should be continued under the MACC Project.

29. C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk Assessment - Objectives • To develop vulnerability and risk assessments for the coastal areas of the pilot countries; • To build capacity in coastal-vulnerability and risk assessments at the national and regional levels; and • To inform and educate the general public about coastal vulnerability and the need to plan for climate change.

30. C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk Assessment - Achievements • Methodology developed and applied • Coastal vulnerability studies in 3 pilot countries completed • Conducted by country teams • Need for vulnerability studies on other sectors (agriculture, water, tourism, health) identified • Long-term capacity building needs to be addressed

31. C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk Assessment -Lessons Learned • This is a requirement that countries must undertake to support the development of GCC adaptation policy/strategies. • National capacity in V&A is deficient. • Lack of data has hampered in-depth analysis necessary for V&A studies. • There is a need for extensive base-line data (bathymetry, contour maps w/ 1 m. resolution below 25ft, geo-referenced cadastral information, ecosystem status, sea-level… • The necessary regional climate scenarios are not available to support planning and decision-making.

32. C6: Coastal Vulnerability & Risk Assessment -The Way Forward • Expand the V&A programme to the 9 remaining CPACC countries as originally planned. • Further development of national capacity in V&A assessment . • The development of more robust V&A assessments in the Region by enhancing data availability through; • Substantial & coordinated support for data collection & monitoring, • Further development of the CRIS, • Development of Regional climate scenarios.

33. C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal & Marine Resources – Objectives • The overall objective was to help the participating countries to apply the tools of resource valuation, environmental accounting, and environmental decision-making in the development of policy frameworks and economic and regulatory approaches for coastal and marine resources.

34. C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal & Marine Resources– Achievements • Studies conducted in 3 pilot countries by local team • Country teams trained in the design and development of data collection instruments and surveys • Primary and Secondary data collected and analysed • Data collection took into account the need to ensure that outputs are compatible with the CRIS under C3. • C3 assessed for useful data • Joint workshop with pilot countries involved in the development of Economic Instruments (C8)

35. C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal & Marine Resources - Lessons Learned (1) • Significant emphasis needs to be placed on the development of any methodology and on the capacity to effectively implement it; • More resources need to be made available in support of regional team building and cooperation, and the sharing of material; • The original timeline for the project was too short and severely underestimated the time needed to implement a project such as this and also ensure capacity transfer;

36. C7: Economic Valuation of Coastal & Marine Resources - Lessons Learned (2) • The need for software and specific training by experts must be clearly recognized and be integrated into projects as part of the capacity-building and transfer process; • The broadest possible cross-section of technical expertise and backgrounds makes for the most effective country team in performing economic valuation; • Although more time-consuming, data collection by the country teams pays off better in the long term;

37. C8: Formulation of Economic & Regulatory Tools– Objectives • Assess the design and utility of economic and regulatory approaches in coastal and marine resources management in response to threats of sea-level rise; • Demonstrate how the use of economic incentives) can provide flexible, cost-effective alternatives to traditional, regulatory policies in promoting adaptation to climate change.

38. C8: Formulation of Economic & Regulatory Tools - Achievements • Antigua and Barbuda: (i) Sand management framework (ii) restructuring of commercial sand sales, (iii) retail sand market -To meet the demand for sand without undermining the environmental integrity of coastal ecosystems. • St. Kitts and Nevis: Implemented strategy of market based instruments to influence the quantity and pattern of hotel development within a coastal area. • Design of instrument and implementation plan underway • Need to interface with political directorate for implementation

39. C8: Formulation of Economic & Regulatory Tools –Lessons Learned • A consensus-based approach to market-based instruments is critical; • These instruments should be developed with political feasibility in mind; • Education and outreach must be an integral component of any regulatory and policy strategy; • The design of market-based instruments should be based on a review of economic analysis and human health; • Regional compacts are important for advancing selected environmental goals of individual countries; and • An integrated approach to environmental planning and management is essential

40. C8: Formulation of Economic & Regulatory Tools – The Way Forward • The integration of economic valuation and economic instruments remains an essential but challenging process. These two concepts should be fundamental aspects of any development and implementation of policy, particularly one addressing climate change.

41. C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the Grenadines– Objectives • Preparation of the St. Vincent and the Grenadines Initial National Communications to the UNFCCC

42. C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Achievements • First National Communications of St. Vincent & the Grenadines complete & presented at COP 6 along with others completed under the UNDP/GEF Enabling Activities project • GHG Inventory: +95.1 Gg C, - 133.7 Gg C

43. C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the Grenadines–Lessons Learned • Lack many of the prerequisites for dealing effectively with climate change, although some progress is being made • Need for effective land-use planning with the enforcement of existing laws and the expansion of authority • Programmes outside the formal education sector can make significant contributions to awareness of climate change

44. C9: GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the Grenadines–The Way Forward • Immediate development of a broad-based National Environmental Policy Reform Project • updating and strengthening the National Environmental Action Plan • establish the legal authority of the National Environmental Advisory Board • integrate climate-change issues into national economic policies and plans, land-use plans, and sectoral policies • accompanied by educational programs • Build on CRIS to develop a spatially based natural-resource inventory system • vulnerability assessment and mapping system to support CC adaptation

45. Overall Project Accomplishments • Nationally, all countries have NFP’s and NICU’s. • In some countries, National committees have been established to address climate change. • Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring system that contributes to regional and global assessment of the issues • Improved access and availability of data • Increased appreciation of climate change issues at the policy-making level and technical support to better define the regional position at the conventions

46. Overall Project Accomplishments • Meeting country needs for expanded vulnerability assessment, economic evaluation techniques, developing economic instruments and methodology for coral reef monitoring • Created a network for regional harmonization • Development of National Climate Change Adaptation policies and action plans

47. Post CPACC Critical Path ACCC (Jul. 01- Mar .04) CPACC (1997-2001) MACC (2003-2008) CPACC Closure Jan – May.02 PDF-B (Oct. 01- Aug.02) CCCC (Oct.02)

48. Post CPACC • CARICOM Governments mandated that there was a need to continue the work of adaptation planning and capacity building after CPACC. • Long-term: institutionalizing CC adaptation process in a Regional Climate Change Centre • Short-term:establish a successor project (MACC)

49. Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean (MACC) Objectives • Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in national development planning and private sector • Formulation of specific adaptation measures (demonstration pilots) and of a regional position on adaptation • Expanding and strengthening the existing monitoring network and the capacity to develop impact scenarios based on Regional Climate Models • Cross-regional dissemination and replication of MACC results

50. Linkage Between CPACC and MACC Activities Stage I Activities1 Stage II Activities • Tourism and other main econ sectors • Infrastructure development • Water resources • Fisheries • Agriculture and Forestry • Land-use planning Component 1: Mainstreaming of Climate Change in National Planning Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Resources (c7) Data for policy analysis Formulation of economic/ regulatory Proposals (c8) Basis for overall Policy framework Formulation of policy framework for Adaptation to GCC (c4) • Feasibility studies for demonstration projects • Prep. Of 2nd National Communication Component 2: Supporting the Formulation of Specific Adaptation Options and of a Regional Position On Adaptation: Basis for prep of 2nd Comm. First Communication for St. Vincent (c9)* Component 4: Cross-regional Dissemination and Replication Coastal Vulnerability (c6) Facilitates identification of demonstration projects Establishment of Databases (c2)* Feeds into modeling work Baseline for future studies • Strengthen climate monitoring network • Downscaling models • Modeling scenarios Component 3: Expanded GCC Monitoring and Modeling: Inventory of Coastal Resources (c3) Sea level and Climate Monitoring Network (c1)* Basis for strengthening monitoring network Coral Reef Monitoring (c5)* 1 CPACC component number shown in parenthesis * Indicates completed CPACC activities. The remainder are in progress.