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Defining and Measuring Stress

Defining and Measuring Stress. Chapter 5. WHAT IS STRESS?. RESPONSE TO INCREASED DEMAND A NEGATIVE EMOTION A MOTIVATOR THE CAUSE OF ILLNESSES. Cognitive Processing Appraisal. Response Physiological Cognitive Affective. Stressor Event. Behavior Coping. THE STRESSOR.

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Defining and Measuring Stress

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  1. Defining and Measuring Stress Chapter 5

  2. WHAT IS STRESS? • RESPONSE TO INCREASED DEMAND • A NEGATIVE EMOTION • A MOTIVATOR • THE CAUSE OF ILLNESSES

  3. Cognitive Processing Appraisal Response Physiological Cognitive Affective Stressor Event Behavior Coping

  4. THE STRESSOR • COULD BE ANY STIMULUS • POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE • LIFE EVENTS • DAILY HASSELS

  5. COGNITVE PROCESSING - APPRAISAL • LAZARUS POPULARIZED THE IDEA OF APPRAISAL • OUR INTERPRETATIONS DICTATE WHAT IS STRESSFUL • BASED ON PERCEIVED THREAT

  6. TYPES OF APPRAISAL • PRIMARY • The initial appraisal • SECONDARY • Appraisal of coping ability • Options • Self-efficacy • Outcome Expectancy

  7. THE RESPONSE • PHYSIOLOGICAL • FIGHT OR FLIGHT • BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (BIS) • COGNITIVE • WORRY • RUMINATION • FOCUS • AFFECTIVE • TENSE • SAD/HURT • OVERWHELMED • PUMPED

  8. PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS • DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • NEUROENDOCIRNE SYSTEM • ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSE • ADRENOMEDULLARY RESPONSE

  9. Figure 5.1 (p. 100)Divisions of the human nervous system.

  10. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS MOBILIZATION OF BODIES RESOURCES – FIGHT/FLIGHT RESPONSE

  11. THE EFFECTS OF ANS • SYMPATHETIC • INCREASE • HR, RESPIRATION, BP, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION, BLOOD TO MUSCLES • DECREASE • IMMUNE SYSTEM , DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS • PARASYMATHETIC • RETURN TO BASELINE • RELAXATION DIGESTION • PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION • SALIVA FLOW • NEAR VISION

  12. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  13. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES

  14. HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES CRF PITUITARY RELEASES ACTH AC – RELEASES CORTISOL +ENERGY +FOCUS - IMMUNE AUTONOMIC NEURONS TRAVEL TO AM AND SECRETE Ach AM - RELEASES E AND NE INIATES AND DRIVES FIGHT/FLIGHT SUMMARY OF STRESS RESPONSE STESSOR IS APPRAISED AS HARMFUL/THREAT

  15. The Effect of Chronic Stress Over Time: The General Adaptation Syndrome

  16. SOURCES OF STRESS • ENVIRONMENT • CROWDING • POLLUTION • NOISE • URBAN PRESS • OCCUPATION • RELATIONSHIPS

  17. MEASURING STRESS • PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIAL MEASURES • HORMONE LEVELS • BP • HR • GSR • LIFE EVENTS SCALES • EVERYDAY HASSELS SCALE

  18. Coping • Emotion Focused Coping • Coping w/the response • Problem-Focused Coping • Changing the appraisal • Changing the event

  19. EVENT Problem Focused Coping APPRAISAL RESPONSE Emotion Focused Coping

  20. Theories of Coping: Problem- & Emotion- Focused Lazarus & Folkman (1984) (Strategy) Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused Resolve cause of problems Managing emotional impact of problem Seeking info. Going to GP Think of options Devise plan Change job Talk to friends Going shopping Drinking Relaxing Avoidance

  21. Who Uses Which? High perceived controllability Females Adolescents+ Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused Relationship problems Males Low perceived controllability Children Work problems Low resources

  22. Effectiveness of Coping Strategies • Effectiveness of coping strategy relates to the nature of the problem • A flexible approach is better than rigid use of specific style • Many studies indicate that problem-solving is overall a better strategy

  23. Global Factors Influencing Coping: Social Support • Social Support –Material and emotional support from others • Emotional • Instrumental • Informational • Structure • Social Network • Marriage • Social Isolation • Gender Differences – Tend and Befriend • Women seek more • Women give more • Stronger effects on health for women

  24. Social Support and Health • The Data • Studies in different states and countries support the link • Correlational • The mechanism • Encouragement - Compliance • Appraisal coping • Buffering hypothesis

  25. Just Thinking About Support Helps • For this study, “undergraduates (41 men, 41 women) wrote about supportive ties or casual acquaintances. Supportive ties were rated as warmer and less controlling than acquaintances, and writing about them evoked reductions in negative affect, especially for low-hostile participants," the researchers said. • "Compared with the acquaintance condition, the supportive tie condition resulted in reduced heart rate and blood pressure response during a subsequent speech stressor” among low-hostile participants. Mental activation of supportive ties, hostility, and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress in young men and women. Health Psychology, 2004;23(5):476-485.

  26. Mobilizing Social Support • Qualities of Effective Social Support • Emotional Sharing • Cooperation • Increasing Social Support • Improve Existing Networks • Support Groups

  27. Global Factors Influencing Coping: Personal Control • Internal vs. External Locus of Control • Internal is better • Perceived Control • Higher is better • Langer and Rodin (1976) • Nursing home residents • Personal control increased physical and mental health status

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