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GENERAL PARASITOLOGY

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY. DR.NEHA HASWANI. MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY Study of Animal parasites Infect and cause diseases Human beings. TAXONOMY. Binomial nomenclature s/by Linnaeus 2 names: a genus and a species Discoverers Greek or latin words of geographicl area Habitat Hosts

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GENERAL PARASITOLOGY

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  1. GENERAL PARASITOLOGY DR.NEHA HASWANI

  2. MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY • Study of • Animal parasites • Infect and cause diseases • Human beings

  3. TAXONOMY • Binomial nomenclature s/by Linnaeus • 2 names: a genus and a species • Discoverers • Greek or latin words of geographicl area • Habitat • Hosts • Size and shape

  4. PARASITE • Living organism • Lives in or upon another organism • Derrives benefit • Without giving any benefit

  5. CLASSIFIED AS: • ECTOPARASITE- INFESTATION • ENDOPARASITES-INFECTION • OBLIGATE • FACULTATIVE • ACCIDENTAL • ABERRANT OR WANDERING

  6. HOST • Organism which harbours, provides shelter and nourishment to the parasite. • Types: • Definitive host: parasite replicates sexually. • Intermediate host: parasite replicates asexually. • Reservoir host: harbours the parasite and act as a source. • Paratenic hosts: lives but cannot develop further • Amplifier host: lives and multiplies exponentially.

  7. HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP • SYMBIOSIS: • close association • Interdependent • None is harmed • COMMENSALISM: • Only parasite derives benefit • Host is not harmed. • Capable of living an independent life.

  8. PARASITISM: • Parasite derives benefit from the host. • Always causesbinjury to the host • Host gets no benefit • DISEASE:Cl. Manifestations of infection i.eactivepresence and replication of the parasite.

  9. CARRIER: • Infected • No clinical or sub clinical disease • Can transmit the infection to others.

  10. TRANSMISSION • SOURCE: • Man- anthroponoses • Animal- zoonoses • Vectors • Contaminated soil and water • Raw or undercooked meat • Otyhers like fish crab or aquatic plants

  11. MODE: • Oral or feco-oral • Penetration of skin amd mucous membrane • Sexual contact • Bite of vectors • Vertical transmission • Blood transfusion • Autoinfection

  12. LIFE CYCLE • Direct/Simple life cycle: • Requires only one host • Eg. Entamoebahistolytica, Giardialamblia, Ascarislumbricoides • Indirect/ Complex life cycle: • Requires 2 or 3 hosts • Eg. Leishmaniaspp, Trypanosomaspp, Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasmagondii

  13. PATHOGENESIS • Mechanical trauma • SOL • Inflammatory reactions • Enzyme production and lytic necrosis • Toxins • Allergic manifestations • Neoplasia • Secondary bacterial infections

  14. IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITIC DISEASES • Depends on host and parasite factors. • Protective immune response: • Innate • Acquired • Harmful immune responses • Evasion mechanisms

  15. FACTORS INFLUENCING INNATE IMMUNITY • Age of the host • Sex of the host • Nutritional status • Genetic constitution

  16. COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY • Anatomic barrier • Physiological barriers • Phagocytosis • Complement • Natural killer cells

  17. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • CMI: • T-cell activation • Th 1 secrete IL-2 and IFNγ • Th-2 secrete IL-4,5,6,10 which activate B cells • IL-5 is chemoattarctant for eosinophils…so “EOSINOPHILIA” common.

  18. AMI: • Neutralisation • Agglutination • Complement activation • ADCC • Mast cell degranulation.

  19. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS • Identification- macro or microscopically • Culture • Immunodiagnostic methods • Intradermal skin tests • Molecular methods • Xenodiagnosis • Animal inoculation • Imaging techniques

  20. TREATMENT • Anti parasitic drugs: • Albendazole • Praziquantel • Ivermectin • Pyrantelpamoate • Furazolione • Metronidazole • Surgical management.

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