Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Qualitative Data Analysis

2. Quantitative research • Involves information or data in the form of numbers • Allows us to measure or to quantify things • Respondents don’t necessarily give numbers as answers - answers are analysed as numbers • Good example of quantitative research is the survey

3. Quantitative research • Helps us flesh out the story and develop a deeper understanding of a topic • Often contrasted to quantitative research • Together they give us the ‘bigger picture’ • Good examples of qualitative research are face-to-face interviews, focus groups and site visits

4. Surveys: Questionnaires • Think clearly about questions (need to constrain answers as much as possible) • Make sure results will answer your research question • Can use Internet for conducting surveys if need to cover wide geographic reach

5. Face-to-face interviews • Must prepare questions • Good idea to record your interviews • Interviews take up time, so plan for an hour or less (roughly 10 questions) • Stick to your questions, but be flexible if relevant or interesting issues arise during the interview

6. Focus groups • Take time to arrange, so prepare in advance (use an intermediary to help you if you can) • Who will be in your focus group? (e.g. age, gender) • Size of focus group (8-10 is typical) • Consider whether or not to have separate focus groups for different ages or genders (e.g. discussing sex and sexuality)

7. Site visits and observation • Site visits involve visiting an organization, community project etc • Consider using a guide • Observation is when you visit a location and observe what is going on, drawing your own conclusions • Both facilitate making your research more relevant and concrete

8. Case studies • Method of capturing and presenting concrete details of real or fictional situations in a structured way • Good for comparative analysis

9. Participatory research • Allows participation of community being researched in research process (e.g. developing research question; choosing methodology; analysing results) • Good way to ensure research does not simply reinforce prejudices and presumptions of researcher • Good for raising awareness in community and developing appropriate action plans

10. Interviews

11. Interviews • Unstructured • Semi-structured • Structured

12. Interviews • Establish a rapport • Treat interviewees with respect • Think about your appearance • Think about body language • Maintain firm eye contact • Don’t Invade their space

13. Interviews • How are you going to record • Tape recorder • Pen and paper • Video recorder

14. Questionnaires

15. Questionnaires • Open-ended • Close-ended • Combination of both

16. Questionnaires • Open-ended • Slower to administer • Harder to record responses • Does not stifle response • Answerer can raise new issues • Answerer feels they can speak their mind • What does a blank answer mean ????

17. Questionnaires • Close-ended • Faster to administer • Easier to record responses • Answerer can only give predefined answers • Answerer cannot raise new issues • Answerer feels constrained • More likely to answer all questions (box tick)

18. Questionnaires • Self-administered • Interviewer administered

19. Questionnaires • Keep questions short and simple • Avoid questions with “not” • Avoid questions with bias • Avoid sensitive questions (ask indirectly)

20. Types of Input • Analysing data from; • Interviews • Open-ended questions • Also (approaches you have seen previously); • Laddering • Card sorting • Repertory grids

21. Action Research & Participatory Action Research

22. Action Research versus Participatory Action Research • "If you want to know how things really are, just try to change them"

23. Action Research versus Participatory Action Research • Difference Or Extension? • Context – Developing world issues V’s Developed world issues? • What do you need?

24. Mind Map

25. Conversational Analysis

26. Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in interaction. CA generally attempts to describe the orderliness, structure and sequential patterns of interaction, whether this is institutional (in the school, doctor's surgery, courts or elsewhere) or casual conversation. Introduction

27. MindMap People Harvey Sacks Emanuel Schegloff Conversational Analysis Fields Ethnomethodology Discursive Psychology Qualitative Research Practical Examples Conversations between friends Relationship counselling sessions Legal hearings

28. Ethnography

29. Ethnography • “Do you mind if I just hang around here and take note of what you’re doing?”

30. Ethnography - background • What is Anthropology? • It is the comparative study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships.

31. Ethnography - background • What is Cultural Anthropology? • It is one of four fields of anthropology which has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept; it is also the branch of anthropology that studies cultural variation among humans.

32. Ethnography • It is two things • The fundamental research method of cultural anthropology. • It is the genre of writing that presents descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork; or, the written text produced to report ethnographic research results.

33. Ethnography • Whilst living among the people, ethnographers engage in participant observation. • This means that they participate, as much as possible, in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies and rituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) while also carefully observing everything they can about it.

34. Ethnography • Through this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called an emic perspective, or the native's point(s) of view without imposing their own conceptual frameworks. • The emic perspective is quite different from the etic perspective which is the outsider's view on local life.

35. Ethnography • Through the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailed fieldnotes, conduct interviews based on open-ended questions, and gather whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data. • This data is then recorded in the database.

36. Ethnomethodology

37. Ethnomethodology • “The study of how people use commonsense understandings to get through everyday life ” • These understandings shape our assumptions about social Interactions • In a conversation between two people there are many things that are understood than are actually mentioned.

38. Ethnomethodology • What are social problems? • Damaging conditions resulting in harm to people or society. • Things are seen, judged, and defined to be problems, i.e. What people THINK they are.

39. Ethnomethodology • Tacit interpretation – culture, teaching, understanding, experiences. • Explicit Truth – misinterpretations, misunderstanding.

40. Ethnomethodology • Example: Girl called Anna, unplanned pregnancy, 21 years old, still in school. • Good or Bad?

41. Ethnomethodology • What if …….? • Anna is an outstanding student, is the sole heiress to a multi-billion dollar business, has the full support of her parents, and will be finished school early into the pregnancy?

42. Ethnomethodology • Anna Anisimova • Daughter of Russian metals magnate Vassily Anisimov • Worth $1.3 billion

43. Ethnomethodology • We make assumptions based on our tacit interpretation of the world around us. • We can apply methods to research in order to apply a “neutral” analysis to the subject. • This has been done in HCI to study descriptions of how the users interact with systems, rather than what the system needed to do?

44. Ethnomethodology – (Varieties) • 1. The organization of practical actions and practical reasoning. Including • 2. The organization of conversation analysis. • 3. Talk-in-interaction within institutional or organizational settings. Identify interactional structures that are specific to particular settings. • 4. The study of social activity. The analytic interest is in how that work is accomplished within the setting in which it is performed. • 5. The haecceity of work. Just what makes an activity what it is? E.g. what makes a test a test, a competition a competition, or a definition a definition?

45. MindMap

46. Grounded Theory

47. What is Grounded theory? • "Grounded theory methods are a set of flexible analytic guidelines that enable researchers to focus their data collection and to build inductive middle-range theories through successive levels of data analysis and conceptual development"Charmaz, K. (2005)

48. What is Grounded theory? • The phrase "grounded theory" refers to theory that is developed inductively from a corpus of data. If done well, this means that the resulting theory at least fits one dataset perfectly. This contrasts with theory derived deductively from grand theory, without the help of data, and which could therefore turn out to fit no data at all - Steve Borgatti

49. Grounded Theory • Emphasis on empirical material as basis for conceptualization. • Gathering reach empirical material from a variety of sources. • Open data collection • Recording data systematically • the emphasis is on exploring the nuances of the data by constantly asking, 'of what is this an example?' • Develop dense and grouded concepts and categories

50. Example - Data Analysis • Identify ‘critical instances’ -highlight key passages of transcripts. • ‘Open coding’ - assign passages to categories (i.e. abstract conceptual labels). Work through all transcripts and collect numerous illustrative quotes to ‘saturate’ categories. • ‘Axial coding’ - refine initial list of categories. Delete and amalgamate some. Make connections between the categories and define their properties e.g. context, pre-conditions. These are sub-categories. • ‘Selective coding’ - identify a core category and themes from which theory will derive.