resources from the sea

1. Resources from the Sea Chapter 14

2. Physical resources Petroleum and natural gas Sand and gravel Minerals Metals Salt Fresh water

3. Petroleum and Natural Gas 25 � 30% of world�s supply comes from off coast oil rigs In U.S., main oil producing states are: California - Louisiana Texas - Alaska Oil and natural gas are found together Are produced from the burial and aging of ancient marine phytoplankton

5. Offshore oil drilling is much more difficult than drilling on land Drilling platforms can go through water from 2 � 4000 feet deep

6. Sand and Gravel Second most income-producing physical resource First is oil Aragonite from the Bahamas is mined for cement

7. Minerals Magnesium Used for making aircraft and large buildings Salt 1/3 of the world�s table salt comes from the ocean Deep sea nodules Manganese Phosphorite Metal Sulfides From hydrothermal vents

8. Fresh water Methods used to get fresh water out of salt water: Distillation Freeze separation Reverse-osmosis Of these, the simplest and least expensive is reverse-osmosis

9. Methods for desalinization Distillation � boil salt water, and collect the fresh water that is evaporated off Solar distillation uses the sun�s heat instead of other forms of heat

10. Methods for desalinization Freeze separation � freeze water and collect the mostly fresh ice and continue until it is completely fresh Some people have proposed using tugboats to pull icebergs that have already been frozen to areas that need fresh water

11. Methods for desalinization Reverse Osmosis � water is pushed through a semi-permeable membrane that lets water through, but keep salts out

12. Energy resources Waves and currents Waves or currents would turn a turbine, making energy Not used much yet Tidal currents Used in areas where there is a strong current (usually into a bay or river) caused by tides Current turns turbine, and turbine can rotate to use in and out current Thermal gradient Any strong change in temperature can be used to make energy, but it is difficult to design a way to exploit it.

13. Biological resources Fish and invertebrates for food Whaling Whales were on the brink of extinction because of whaling Now, whale populations have partially recovered, so some countries want to start whaling again Seals and otters for fur Marine algae Alginin is used in ice cream, salad dressing, beer, wine, paint, etc. Can be harvested without hurting kelp forest Many marine invertebrates are used to make new drugs for cancer, AIDS, pain, etc.

14. Non-extractive resources Transportation � of the world�s oil is transported by ship Recreation Cruises, surfing, snorkeling, etc.

15. Marine Fisheries

16. What is a fishery? definition is "a union of aquatic organisms and humans" or: "a consumptive harvest of wild aquatic resources" Consumed for food and for industry (fish meal, animal feed, fertilizer, oil�) Not just fish -- various shellfish and crustaceans, squid, marine mammals, turtles� Though related, a fishery is not aquaculture (although hatchery-based fisheries blur the line)

17. 3 basic elements of a fishery: the resource itself the aquatic environment people (fishermen, seafood companies, even the broader scope of everyone who influences the habitat)

18. Conservation and management fisheries conservation is the "wise, sustainable use of wild (naturally produced) fisheries resources.� Much of fisheries management is simply conservation, but active management occurs in fisheries such as those supplemented by hatcheries (i.e. managed and enhanced, not just conserved wisely)

19. Conservation: Who is in charge? NOAA Fisheries is the federal agency, a division of the Department of Commerce, responsible for the stewardship of the nation�s living marine resources and their habitat

20. Making a change In 1976 Congress passed the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management act. Gave authority to stop foreign vessels from fishing within 200 miles from our coast line. In 1996 the act was reauthorized to mandate that all fisheries have management plans and that overfished stocks have a rebuilding plan. It also addressed reducing bycatch.

21. NOAA NOAA Fisheries is responsible for the management, conservation and protection of living marine resources within the United States� Exclusive Economic Zone (water three to 200 mile offshore) NOAA Fisheries assesses and predicts the status of fish stocks, ensures compliance with fisheries regulations and works to reduce wasteful fishing practices

22. NOAA NOAA marine fisheries or (NMFS) is broken down into 5 offices they are as follows.

23. NOAA: Office of Sustainable Fisheries The Office was created to oversee and implement steps required to meet the objectives of the NOAA Fisheries Strategic Plan, which contains the following objectives: Maintain healthy stocks important to commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries. Eliminate overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks important to commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries. Increase long-term economic and social benefits to the nation from living marine resources.

24. NOAA:Office of Protected Resources The Office of Protected Resources of NOAA Fisheries manages programs and policies for one of the nation's most precious natural resources - its marine life

25. NOAA:Office of Habitat Conservation The Office of Habitat Conservation is located in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Headquarters complex in Silver Spring, Maryland. It interacts with the NOAA Fisheries Regional Offices to manage, conserve and enhance habitats for fishery resources, protected species and other living marine resources.

26. NOAA: Office of Science and Technology The Office of Science and Technology advocates and ensures a sound scientific basis for NMFS' science programs and resource conservation and management decisions. It has oversight of NMFS' scientific research and technology development activities including biology, ecology, economic and social sciences, oceanography, collection and management of scientific information, engineering, and other disciplines used to fulfill NMFS' conservation and management mission for living marine resources.

27. NOAA: Office for Law Enforcement NOAA Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement is dedicated to the enforcement of laws that protect and conserve our nation's living marine resources and their natural habitat

28. Ancient History 2300 BC - government fishing fleets in Sumaria near Persian Gulf 2000 BC - aquaculture in China for carp and other freshwater fish 1400 BC - Egyptian elite were fishing for recreation (vs. food)

29. Commercial Fishing Methods Rod and Reel Long Line Traps entangling nets gill and trammel employ encircling nets purse seine, haul seine, trawl seine)

34. Recent History 1. The world's marine catch has increased more than four times in the past 40 years -- from 18.5 million tons in 1950 to 82.5 million tons by 1992. This staggering growth has resulted in overfishing and wasteful, destructive fishing practices worldwide which now threaten the lives of hundreds of millions of people who are vitally dependent on fishing for food and livelihoods. They face resource depletion, competition from industrial and distant water fleets, and loss of access to traditional marine food supplies.

36. 2. Seven out of ten (69%) of the oceans' commercially targeted marine fish stocks are fished beyond ecologically safe limits, being either fully or heavily exploited, overexploited, depleted, or very slowly recovering from collapse after previous overfishing.

38. 3. One-quarter of the planet's biological diversity is in danger of extinction within the next 30 years. In the ocean environment, commercial fishing stands as one of the greatest biodiversity threats.

40. 4.Overfishing damages much more than fish populations. Extracting too many fish from an ecosysten can reduce the survival chances of other predators in the marine food web, including populations of marine mammals, seabirds, turtles, sharks and a host of other species. Large-scale commercial fishing is robbing them of their food source -- fish

41. 5. The depletion of food supplies is not the only threat to marine wildlife posed by fishing operations. Many millions of animals other than fish are severly injured or killed each year through deadly interactions with fishing gear. For instance, millions of dolphins have died in Tuna purse seine nets in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. An estimated 44,000 albatrosses are killed each year by Japanese tuna longliners.

44. 6. One-quarter (25%) of all the fish pulled from the sea never make it to market. 27 million tons of unwanted fish catch are thrown back each year on average. Most don't survive. Twenty seven million tons of wasted fish represent more than half of all fish produced annually from marine capture fisheries for direct human consumption. It is also about equivalent to the predicted shortfall in fish for human consumption expected by the year 2000 (an anticipated shortfall of some 20 to 30 million tons means fish is fast becoming a luxury food only the relatively few can afford!).

45. 7. Since 1970, the world's fishing fleet has expanded twice as fast as world catches. As a result, excess fishing capacity has reached alarming proportions (for instance, the fishing fleet in China is now around six times the size it was in 1979). Today, there are over three-and-a-half million fishing vessels operating in the world's oceans, all engaged in a desperate competition over dwindling supplies of fish. Little wonder then that the aggregate global fleet of over a million industrial and semi-industrial vessels has been operating at an annual loss of some $50-billion each year -- a collosal loss that is being compensated by government subsidies to vessel owners, and all at taxpayers' expense.

47. This shows the average catch per person The average catch peaked in 1990, and has been declining ever since

48. 75% of the annual harvest is from commercial boats These boats use huge trawl nets They use satellite data, sonar and aerial photography to find fish schools They usually have canning or freezing boats following them to process the fish This way they can fish continuously

49. These 16 groups supply around 65% of the commercial marine catch The largest catch is herrings, sardines and anchovies

50. 8.With so many fishing vessels in the world, massive fleets are migrating away from overfished areas and are stalking the planet on a desperate search for less exploited fishing grounds. They are like an invasion armada, disrupting the lives of millions of tradtional fishing peoples, especially in less developed countries, destroying fish stocks and eco systems wherever they go.But coastal peoples are fighting back: Millions of fisherfolk from coastal villages in India have been staging national srtikes to overturn the national government's policy of licensing thousands of these foreign fishing vessels to fish in Indian waters.

51. 9. Fish is an important part of the daily diets in many nations, providing roughly 40 per cent of the protein consumed by nearly two-thirds of the world's population. For example, over a billion people throughout Asia depend on fish and seafood as their major source of animal protein. Yet, of the approximately 78 million tons produced from marine capture fisheries each year, only 50 million tons is available as food for direct human consumption; the remainder, approximately 28 million tons, is reduced to fishmeal which is fed to livestock such as pigs and poultry, and to other creatures like farmed trout, shrimp and mink for luxury markets. Odd, when we live in a world where a billion people suffer from malnutrition.

52. 10. Worldwide, about 13 million people make all or a major part of their living from fishing. More than 10 million of them work in coastal waters on little boats powered by paddles, sails or sometimes outboard motors, with only a few crew members. Together with their immediate families they comprise some 50 million people directly dependent on fishing for their livelihoods. Another 150 million people are employed on land processing fish and servicing fleets. When the fish go, the jobs do too. In one such calamity, more than 20,000 Canadian fishworkers living in Newfoundland lost their jobs literally overnight when the government banned all fishing for cod in order to protect what remained of badly depleted stocks

53. Fisheries Definitions Target Catch -- The catch of a species or species assemblage which is primarily sought in a fishery, such as shrimp, flounders, cods Incidental Catch -- Retained catch of non-targeted species Discarded Catch -- That portion of the catch returned to the sea as a result of economic, legal, or personal considerations.

54. Definitions Bycatch -- Discarded catch plus incidental catch. Incidental Catch Rate -- The Proportion of total catch which is incidental catch. Discard Rate -- The proportion of total catch which is discarded. Rates may be computed for individual species or combined groups of species (Units of Measure--UM: kg/mt, numbers/mt, numbers/number, etc).

56. Definitions Discard Mortality Rate -- The proportion of the discarded catch that dies as a result of catching or handling processes. Discard Mortality -- Discard mortality rate multiplied by discarded catch. Prohibited species -- Any species which must, by law, be returned to the sea.

57. Definitions Unobserved Fishing Mortality -- Mortality imposed on a species by the encounter with fishing gear that does not result in capture. High-Grading -- The discard of a marketable species in order to retain the same species at a larger size and price. The discard of a marketable species in order to retain another species of higher value. The retention of only those species or individuals within a species complex having the greatest market value; less valuable species or individuals are discarded.

58. Definitions Discard Quota -- An amount of a prohibited species allowed to be caught by a particular gear type before constraining a fishery Discard Mortality Quota -- The discard quota multiplied by the discard mortality rate.

59. Definitions Discard ratio -- The ratio of discard to actual retained catch (e.g., discard/retained catch frequency given as a percentage). Unobserved fishery mortality -- Death resulting from fishing that cannot be documented from observations of the on-board catch (e.g., deaths resulting from fish passing through webbing, freeing themselves from hooks, ghost fishing,etc.).

60. Definitions Black fish -- Non-reported catch Grey fish -- Catch which is misreported as to area or species

61. Problems with current management of fisheries Overfishing Bycatch (bykill) Fish Habitat Loss Pollution

62. Overfishing There are too many boats trying to fish a dwindling supply of fish Governments help people buy fishing boats in poor areas of the world There are more than a million boats These boats can catch more than twice as many fish as the ocean can supply New high-tech gear makes it easier to find the fish New trawling nets allow fish to be caught in areas the were once safe

63. We overfish one species and then move on to the next Deep water fish reproduce more slowly and have fewer young These fish cannot reproduce fast enough to keep up with fishing rates An example is the Orange Roughy We fish down the food chain We have overfished most of the big fish to extinction As we fish for smaller and smaller fish, we change the entire dynamics of the ecosystems they live in Overfishing algae-eating fish in coral reef areas has contributed to the destruction of reefs world-wide Overfishing sea urchin-eating fish off CA coast has lead to kelp forest destruction

64. Overfishing Solutions Fish less Limit the amount of catch of each fish Place limits on fishing gear End government subsidization of fishermen Think long-term instead of short-term

65. Bycatch On average 25% of the fish caught are thrown out because they are not tasty or were not the intended catch Shrimp nets are even worse � for each pound of shrimp caught, there are 10 pounds of bycatch Shrimp caught in traps waste very little catch While some of these thrown out animals survive, many more have been dragged through the water in nets for hours before they are released These do not survive

66. Bycatch solutions Use nets with the largest holes possible The larger the holes, the fewer unwanted animals will be caught Use exclusion devices TED�s are trap doors to let turtles out of nets Use pingers to warn away whales and dolphins Use harpoons and hook-and-line methods to catch one fish at a time Takes longer, but more fishermen can be employed Reward fishers that catch less bycatch

67. Fish Habitat Loss Most people want to live on the coast This puts homes and factories along the coast Wetlands are being destroyed for mini-malls Street runoff and sewage leaks pollute the waters Dams interfere with sand input and salmon spawning Shrimp farms in the tropics are being built where there were once mangrove forests

68. Trawling can completely wipe out the entire sea floor Many of these organisms can take hundreds of years to grow back On average each part of the continental shelf is trawled every 2 years

69. NJ commercial Fishing industry Commercial and recreational contribute $2 billion annually. Commercial fishing contributes $700,000,000 annually to state economy. NJ ranks 4th among east coast states in fishery production and 9th nationally

70. NJ commercial Fishing industry NJ national ranks 1st surf clams & ocean quahogs 2nd Mackeral 3rd Sea Scallops

71. NJ oyster�s Native Americans were the first to harvest oysters Late 1800�s over 2 million bushels were collected anually Declined to 500,000 bushels in 1950�s. All time low of 100 bushels in 1993 Today 100,000 bushels

72. NJ oyster cont 1950s oyster blight (MSX) caused 90% mortality 1990s Dermo blight again reduced population Rutgers and DEP educating farmers and producing less via aquaculture susceptible oysters sold to farmers. Oysters: our bays need them, adult oyster filters 50 gallons of water a day .

73. Striped Bass Fished to dangerously low numbers ban of gill netting slot limits the rise of populations

74. Solutions Set aside some coastal preserves to protect endangered habitats Restore wetlands that have been destroyed Set aside no-trawl zones to protect the benthic organisms

75. Is fish farming the answer? In many cases � NO Carnivorous fish need to eat fish meal, so fish have to be caught to feed the fish This increases fishing needs It takes 4 pounds of wild fish to feed 1 pound of farmed fish Remember the energy transfer from one trophic level to the next Fish farms create a lot of waste that is usually pumped into the ocean Because the fish are much closer together in farms, there are usually more diseases These diseases can be passed on to wild populations

76. Shrimp farms are some of the worst Shrimp require large amounts of protein They create large amounts of waste They are usually farmed in tropical areas, where mangrove swamps are destroyed for shrimp farms Once the water is too polluted to raise shrimp in one area, the shrimp farmers just cut down more mangroves and move on

77. Solutions Eat fish that are farmed far away from the coast Catfish, carp, and trout are farmed in inland ponds, where the water has to be treated Freshwater prawns raised far from the coast may be a safer alternative Farm fish lower on the food chain Tilapia are herbivores � their food (algae) can be grown in a beaker with no waste Only eat fish that have been farmed properly Find out about what you are eating and how it affects the worlds