Unit 3

1. Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763-1791

2. Chapter 5 Road to Independence

3. Section 1 Taxation without Representation

4. Relations with Britain • Britain did two major things to prevent Native American attacks after the war • 1. They stationed 10,000 soldiers in the colonies and the frontier • 2. They prohibited (did not allow) colonists to move west of the Appalachian Mountains

5. Growing Distrust • Many colonists felt that a large amount of soldiers in America took away their freedom • Britain amounted a huge debt after the war • They were desperate for Revenue or incoming money • Britain decided to tax the colonists

6. End to smuggling goods • Colonists would sometimes smuggle goods overseas (ship the goods in ships other than Britain's to avoid taxes). • George Grenville, the British Finance Minister, passed the Writs of Assistance, which allowed British soldiers to search homes and offices to prevent the smuggling of goods

7. warmup 12/5 • 1. Define “Smuggling” • 2. Why was the Writs of Assistance passed by Great Britain?

8. Sugar Act • The act actually lowered the tax on molasses, but was meant to encourage colonists to pay the British tax on sugar. • It also forced smugglers to be judged by a British appointed judge, rather by jury. • Never before had a tax been used to raise money for the British treasury.

9. Sugar Act ctd… • James Otis, a lawyer in Boston argued that colonists should not be taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament. • He created the slogan, “Taxation without representation is tyranny.”

10. Stamp Act • The Stamp Act placed a tax on all printed material in the colonies. • This included everything from newspapers and pamphlets to wills and playing cards. • People were mad because: • 1. It taxed colonists without their consent (approval) • 2. It interfered in colonial affairs by taxing them directly

11. Protesting the Stamp Act • Patrick Henry, a member of the House of Burgesses, persuaded the house to pass a resolution, or a formal expression of opinion, stating only it had “The sole exclusive right and power to lay taxes” • Samuel Adams formed the “Sons of Liberty” Which was an organization that protested unfair acts

12. More Protest • People boycotted – or refused to buy British and European goods in protest. • Farmers and merchants signed nonimportation agreements, which pledged not to import goods from Britain • British merchants lost so much business they begged Britain to repeal or take away the stamp act.

13. Minor Victory!! Woo Woo • In Feb, 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act • Yet the colonists trust in the King and Parliament was never restored • The Declaratory Act of 1766 said that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the British Colonies in “All cases whatsoever”.

14. Townshend Acts • New finance minister, Charles Townshend, tried again to tax the colonies. • The Townshend Acts taxed only imported goods, so the colonists wouldn’t get as mad • However the goods included basic imported items, such as glass, tea, paper, and lead. Colonists did not produce these goods • Colonists boycotted again

15. Section 2 Building Colonial Unity

16. Redcoat Invasion • In the summer of 1768, word got back to Britain that the colonies were on the brink of rebellion. • On October 1st, 1768, A fleet of British ships sailed into Boston Harbor. • 700 soldiers entered town with “muskets charged, bayonets fixed, colours flying, drums beating, and fifes playing.”

17. Trouble in Boston • Many in Boston felt Britain had gone too far. • Soldiers were rude and sometimes violent toward colonists. • Redcoats were usually poor soldiers from Ireland, Scotland, and rural England, they earned little pay. • Townspeople hated the redcoats

18. The Boston Massacre • On March 5th, 1770, a fight broke out in the crowd • The angry townspeople picked up rocks, sticks, shovels, clubs or any weapon they could find. • Seven redcoats encountered the colonists, and the crowd dared them to fire. • “Fire you bloody backs, you lobsters. You dare not fire!!” The crowd shouted

19. The Boston Massacre • One of the soldiers got knocked down, and the redcoats fired. • Seven shots rang out, five colonists were killed. • Among the dead was Crispus Attucks, an African American dockworker who was known to be the leader of the crowd. • He is known as the first man killed during the Revolution.

20. The Word Spreads • Colonial leaders used the killings as propaganda – information designed to influence opinion – against the British. • Sam Adams and Paul Revere set up posters and drawings, showing the British opening fire into the crowd. • Britain tried to help its self image by repealing all taxes except for tea.

21. Tea Crisis • The British East India Company had a surplus of tea, which if it could not sell they faced ruin. • The British Parliament had a plan. They removed the tax on tea, so colonists would buy it, only to put the tax back on later. • This gave the East India Company a big advantage over colonial merchants. • How?

22. Colonial Demands • Colonial merchants called for a boycott of the tea. • The Daughters, of Liberty, a female version of the Sons of Liberty, said instead of parting with their freedom they would, “Part with their tea” • Women in Wilmington, North Carolina marched through town and burned their tea.

23. Just Say No To…..TEA?! • The British knew there was danger, but shipped their tea to the colonies anyway • Every American port turned the ships away back to Europe when they arrived. • Every port except…..

24. BOSTON • Dun Dun Dun……

25. The Boston Tea Party • Samuel Adams and The Sons of Liberty in Boston acted quickly in December, 1773 • The royal governor, who’s house was previously destroyed by Stamp Act protestors, did not allow the ships to go back to London • He ordered the tea to be unloaded, and Adams and the Sons of Liberty went to work.

26. On Dec. 16th 1773, a group of Men dressed as Mohawk Indians and armed with hatchets marched into the docks. They boarded the ships and threw out 342 chests of tea. This was the Boston Tea Party Men and women went into the streets and celebrated this event. Still, most colonists still considered themselves British colonists. The Boston Tea Party Ctd…

27. The Intolerable Acts • The King promised Boston will pay • The Coercive Acts were harsh laws designed to make Massachusetts pay. • Boston Harbor was closed until the colonists paid for the tea. • Many rights of the people were taken away, such as prohibiting town meetings.

28. The Intolerable Acts • The final straw was the Coercive Acts forced people to house British Soldiers IN THEIR HOMES!!!. • Instead of isolating Boston, to the surprise of the King, other colonies sent food and clothing to support Boston. • The colonists renamed the laws the Intolerable Acts.

29. WARM UP 12/7/07 • POINT OF VIEW: • Describe why colonists would stay loyal to the throne of England

30. Section 3 A Call To Arms

31. The Continental Congress • Representatives from all colonies came • New York sent John Jay, Massachusetts sent Sam and his brother John Adams, a successful lawyer • Virginia sent Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, as well as George Washington.

32. Different Interests • The colonies had different views, but now they had a common goal • The delegates voted to boycott all British goods. • They also decided to form militias, groups of citizen soldiers. • If fighting did break out, colonies would have a military ready for fighting. • Minutemen were soldiers who would be ready for fighting in a minutes noticed if war broke out.

33. The King Sends Troops • It was rumored the colonists were storing ammunition and weapons at Concord, a town close to Boston. • King George sent 700 troops to Concord

34. Paul Revere • Dr. Joseph Warren of Boston saw troops form ranks and then march out of the city • He rushed to alert Paul Revere. Revere rushed to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that “The British were coming” • Adams heard the news and yelled “What a glorious morning this is” • The colonists were ready to fight for their independence

35. Battle of Lexington and Concord • When the British arrived at Lexington, 70 minutemen stood in the army of about 700’s way. • A redcoat shouted, “Throw down your arms, ye villains, ye rebels” • It is unknown who, but someone then fired a shot. Bullets rang out and when it was over, eight minutemen were dead.

36. Lexington and Concord • The troops destroyed the remaining supplies, although many were removed by colonists, and headed back to Boston. • However, Blacksmiths, saddle makers, farmers, and clerks hid behind rocks, trees, and stone fences. • As the British walked back down the trail, the colonists fired. • By the time the British reached Boston, 200 were wounded and 73 were dead.

37. Building Forces • Lexington and Concord became known as “The shot heard round the world”. • The battle for America’s independence from Britain had begun. • Volunteers started to join the militias. Soon the army around Boston was 20,000 strong. • Americans and British waited for the other to make the next move.

38. The Battle of Bunker Hill • 1,200 Militia men were stationed on Bunker and Breed’s Hill on June 16, 1775 • The British decided to drive the Americans out. They charged up the hill. • Colonel Prescott, low on ammunition, shouted the order “Don’t fire until you see the white in their eyes!!”

40. Result of Bunker Hill Ctd… • The Americans opened fire, causing the British to retreat. • The redcoats charged twice more, and eventually the Americans had to retreat • The British won the Battle of Bunker Hill, but had more than 1000 soldiers dead and wounded. • The British learned defeating America would not be easy.

41. Decisions • Americans now had 2 choices: • 1. Become Loyalists and stay loyal with Britain. These people did not consider taxes to be unfair and worth a rebellion. • 2. Become Patriots, and fight the British to the end, until independence was won.

42. Warm-Up 12/13 • Refer back to your homework and name one similarity and one difference between the first continental congress and the second continental congress

43. Section 4 Moving Toward Independence

44. Second Continental Congress • Three weeks after Lexington and Concord the Second Continental Congress met. Representatives from all 13 colonies were present. • John and Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and George Washington all showed up again • This time, Ben Franklin, John Hancock, and Thomas Jefferson (Only 32 years old) showed up as well

45. The Congress starts to Govern • The Congress authorized the printing of money, and set up a post office. • They also created the Continental Army • The army needed a commander, and they unanimously chose George Washington.

46. Last Warning • The Colonists sent the Olive Branch Petition to Britain. This told the king the colonists wanted peace, if their rights were protected • King George III refused to receive the petition. • He hired 30,000 troops to send to America

47. Getting the Armies Ready • Washington reached Boston a few weeks after Bunker Hill, and began training new soldiers. • His army grew everyday, but lacked discipline, organization, and leadership. • The redcoats, under Sir William Howe landed in Nova Scotia, Canada.

48. Colonists Decide to Strike First • An army led by American General, Benedict Arnold, attacked Montreal, once they learned the British were going to invade New York • He tried to attack Quebec as well, but failed.

49. Common Sense • Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet Common Sense,which gave the reasons for revolution • It sold 120,000 copies in three months • It inspired thousands of Americans

50. Debate on Independence • Meanwhile, at the Second Continental Congress, the debate was heated on whether to separate from Britain • Many wanted to separate, however others feared the power of Great Britain to defeat the Americans