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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Computer Hardware. The System Unit. Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Sometimes called the chassis. The System Unit. What are common components inside the system unit? Processor Memory Adapter cards Sound card Video card

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Computer Hardware

  2. The System Unit • Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data • Sometimes called thechassis Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  3. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  4. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  5. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  6. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  7. The System Unit • What are common components inside the system unit? • Processor • Memory • Adapter cards • Sound card • Video card • Drive bays • Power supply Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  8. Motherboard • Main circuit board in system unit • Contains adapter cards, processor chips, andmemory chips • Also calledsystem board Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  9. Chips • Smallpiece of semi-conducting material on which integrated circuits are etched • Integrated circuits contain many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current • Chips are packaged so they can be attached to a circuit board • Most important chip is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  10. Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) InstructionsDataInformation InstructionsDataInformation Processor • Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) • Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer Memory InputDevices OutputDevices Data Information • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations • In a PC, called the microprocessor StorageDevices Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  11. Microprocessor Basics • Serial processing • Pipelining • Parallel processing • Multi-core processor Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  12. Today’s Microprocessors The CPU is the most important part of your computer…it affects the speed and price of your computer more than any other one component! It’s the computer’s ‘brain’. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  13. Moore’s Law – Gordon Moore in 1965 Prediction • Continued increase in technological innovations causes transistor densities in an integrated circuit to double every 18 months, doubling speed of processors every 18 months • Will stop in next decade due to inherent limits in silicon. Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  14. Memory Processor ALU Control Unit Machine Cycle • Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle Step 1. FetchObtain program instruction or data item from memory Step 2. DecodeTranslate instruction into commands Step 4. StoreWrite result to memory Step 3. ExecuteCarry out command Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  15. Processor • What are dual-core and multi-core processors? • A dual-core processor is a single chip that contains two separate processors • A multi-core processor is a chip with two or more separate processors • Each processor on a dual-core/multi-core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed, but increase overall performance Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  16. Processor • What are heat sinks, heat pipes, and liquid cooling? • Heat sink—component with fins that cools processor • Heat pipe—smaller device for notebook computers • Liquid cooling—uses a continuous flow of fluids to transfer heat away Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  17. Random Access Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  18. Memory What is random access memory (RAM)? Memory chips that can be read from and written to by processor Also called main memory or primary storage Most RAM is volatile, it is lost when computer’s power is turned off The more RAM a computer has, the faster it responds Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  19. Memory dual inline memory module • Resides on small circuit board calledmemory module • Memory slotson motherboard hold memory modules • How much RAM do you need? memory slot memory chip Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  20. Cache • Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used instructions and data • Also called memory cache • L1 cache built into processor • L2 cache slower but has larger capacity • L2 advanced transfer cache is faster, built directly on processor chip • L3 cache is separate from processor chip on motherboard (L3 is only on computers that use L2 advanced transfer cache) Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  21. Read-Only Memory • Type of memory that holds the computer’s startup routine (ROM BIOS) • Permanent and non-volatile • Tells the computer how to access the hard disk and find the operating system—then load the op system into RAM ROM-BIOS: Start-up instructions Memory chips that store permanent data and instructions Nonvolatile memory, it is not lost when computer’s power is turned off Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  22. Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards What is an adapter card? • Enhances system unit or provides connections to external devices called peripherals • Also called an expansion card Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  23. Expansion Slots • An opening, or socket, on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card • With Plug and Play, the computer automatically configures cardsand other devices as you install them Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  24. Ports and Connectors • A port connects external devices to system unit Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  25. Ports and Connectors • What are different types of connectors? Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  26. Ports and Connectors What is a serial port? • Transmits one bit of data at a time • Connects slow-speed devices, such as mouse, keyboard, modem Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  27. Ports and Connectors What is a parallel port? • Connects devices that can transfer more than one bit at a time, such as a printer Chapter 2: Computer Hardware p. 208 Fig. 4-31

  28. Single USB port can be used to attach multiple peripherals in a daisy chain Third USB device connects to second USB device, and so on PCs typically have six to eight USB ports on front or back of the system unit Second USB device connects to first USB device First USB device connects to USB port on computer Ports and Connectors What are USB ports? USB (universal serial bus) port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector type USB 2.0 Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  29. Ports and Connectors What are FireWire ports? • Connects multiple types of devices that require faster data transmission speeds • Allows you to connect up to 63 devices together Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  30. Ports and Connectors What are special-purpose ports? • Allow users to attach specialized peripherals or transmit data to wireless devices • MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port • eSATA (external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) port • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) port • IrDA (Infrared Data Association) port • Bluetooth port Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  31. Bays What is a bay? • Opening inside system unit used to install additional equipment • Drive bays typically hold disk drives Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  32. External peripherals might use an AC adapter, which is an external power supply ConvertsAC PowerintoDC Power Fan keepssystem unit components cool Power Supply • What is a power supply? Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  33. Mobile Computers and Devices • What ports are on a notebook computer? Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  34. Mobile Computers and Devices • What ports and slots are on a tablet PC? Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

  35. Keeping Your Computer Clean • Over time, the system unit collects dust – even in a clean environment • Preventative maintenance requires a few basic products: Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

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