Training Session on Energy Equipment

1. Training Session on Energy Equipment Monitoring Equipment Presentation to Industry Energy Efficiency Guide for Asia Chapter 15 Monitoring Equipment © UNEP GERIAP

2. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

3. Electrical Measuring Instruments What Do They Do? • Measures major electrical parameters such as KVA, KW, PF, Hertz, KVAr, Amps and Volts, sometimes also harmonics • Instant measurements can be taken with hand-held meters, while more advanced facilitates cumulative readings with print outs at specified intervals Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

4. Electrical Measuring Instruments What Do They Do? • The HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester • measures: Monitoring Equipment • Voltage • Current • Voltage/current peak • Effective / reactive / apparent power (single-phase or 3-phase) • Power factor • Reactivity • Phase angle • Frequency, • Phase detection(3-phase) • Voltage/current harmonic levels (up to 20th) Figure: HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester © UNEP 2005

5. Electrical Measuring Instruments Where & How to Use? • These instruments are applied on-line to measure various electrical parameters • Have three leads connected to crocodile clips at the end • The three leads are colored yellow, black and red Monitoring Equipment Figure: Power and power factor measurement on single phase three wire circuit © UNEP 2005

6. Electrical Measuring Instruments Precautions • The clamp should never be attached to a circuit that operates at more than maximum rated voltage, or over bare conductors • Clamp on probe should be connected to the secondary side of a breaker • Rubber hand gloves, boots, and safety helmet should be used to avoid electrical shocks • The operation manual should be consulted before using the equipment Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

7. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

8. Combustion Analyzer What Does It Do? • Measures the composition of flue gases after combustion Monitoring Equipment • Basically all combustion analyzers measure the % Oxygen or CO2 in the flue gases • The efficiency can be calculated with an inbuilt programme Figure: A fyrite combustion analyzer © UNEP 2005

9. Combustion Analyzer Where & How It’s Used • Determines the composition of flue gases in the duct, which flushes out the combusted gases to the chimney • The flue gases’ composition values are based on volume Monitoring Equipment Figure: A gas combustion analyzer • Usually measure the % CO2 or O2 and the temperature of the flue gas • Mostly, the flue gases are sucked out in order to react with chemical cells that enables the reading of O2 or CO2 © UNEP 2005

10. Combustion Analyzer Precautions • Always calibrate the instrument in open fresh air before taking a set of measurements • Check for clogging of the air filters • Ensure that the rubber tubing carrying the gases to the instrument is not bended • Wrap the opening space left by cotton rags to ensure that there is no in- or exfiltration of air • Use of hand gloves, goggles and safety helmet • Safety and precautions should be consulted from the operation manual Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

11. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

12. Manometers What Does It Do? • A manometer is a pressure measuring instrument that measure the differential pressure across two points • The liquid-column manometer is the oldest type and can be a simple U-shaped tube that is half-full of liquid • The pressure to be measured is applied to one side of the tube and is then represented by the difference in liquid levels in the tube legs Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

13. c a b Manometers Principles • The manometer is a U-tube half filled with liquid. When both ends of the tube are open, the liquid is at the same height in each leg. • When positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is forced down and up in the other leg. The difference in height, "h” indicates the pressure. Monitoring Equipment • When vacuum is applied to one leg, the liquid rises in that leg and falls in the other. The difference in height, "h," indicates the amount of vacuum. h h Figure: Principles of a manometer © UNEP 2005

14. Manometers Types of Manometers • A single-limb liquid-column manometer use a large reservoir and a scale beside a narrower column and can be used to measure small differences between great pressures • Use the deflection of a flexible membrane that seals a fixed pressure reference volume to determine the pressure • Use a coiled tube that as it expands due to pressure increase causes rotation of an arm connected to the tube Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

15. Manometers Where & How It’s Used • The air velocity in ducts can be measured using a pitot tube and inclined manometer for further calculation of flows • The difference in level of the manometer gives the total velocity pressure • The two openings at the end of the pitot tube are always connected to the two openings of the manometer Monitoring Equipment Precautions • Should not be exposed to very high pressures © UNEP 2005

16. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

17. Thermometers Contact Thermometer • Consists of two dissimilar metals that are joined together at one end • As the temp. changes at the junction of the two metals, a voltage is produced that can be correlated back to the temp. • Measures flue gas, hot air and hot water temp. through a probe in the stream • The four most common calibrations are J, K, T and E, and those for high temperature calibrations include R, S, C and GB Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

18. Thermometers Non Contact Type or Infrared Thermometer • Based on the principle that all objects emit infrared energy: • “The hotter the object, the more active its molecules, and the more infrared energy is emitted” • Useful for measuring hot spots in furnaces, surface temperatures etc • Allows measurements in applications where conventional sensors can’t be employed Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

19. Thermometers Where & How It’s Used • Temperatures are generally recorded for air conditioning units, boilers, furnaces, steam systems, waste heat recovery systems and heat exchangers Monitoring Equipment • The probe or bulb has to be insterted into the fluid or gases that are to be measured Figure: Thermocouple © UNEP 2005

20. Thermometers Precautions • The probe must be immersed in the fluid and the measurement must be taken after 1-2 minutes • The range for which the thermocouple is made for should be noted beforehand • The probe of the thermocouple should never touch the naked flame • The emissivity should be set according to the surface where the temperature is to be measured Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

21. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

22. The distance traveled by the ball / time taken Water Flow Meters What Does it Do? • Measures linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas • The time of fill method: The time it takes to fill up a certain volume is recorded and the average flow can be calculated • The float method: The time it takes for a ping pong ball to travel a known distance and the surface velocity calculated: Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

23. Water Flow Meters Type of Water Flow Meters • The rotameter is a tapered tube and a float used for gases and liquids • The piston-type flowmeters is an economical alternative that use an annular orifice formed Monitoring Equipment • by a piston and a tapered cone • Ultrasonic flowmeters is used for liquids and are commonly used in dirty applications such as wastewater Figure: Ultrasonic flowmeters © UNEP 2005

24. Water Flow Meters Type of Water Flow Meters • Turbine flow meters is a very accurate meter used for clean and viscous liquids • Paddlewheel sensors are cost effective flow meters for water or water like fluids • Positive displacement flowmeters are used when no straight pipe is available • Vortex meters have low sensitivity to variations in process conditions • Magnetic flow meters do not have any moving parts and are ideal for dirty liquids Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

25. Water Flow Meters Where & How It’s Used? • Cases where measurement of water flow is absolutely essential include the efficiency of pumps and cooling towers, chillers and air conditioning plants, heat exchangers, condensers etc Monitoring Equipment Precautions • Thorough cleaning of the measuring spot • Ensure the internal is not corroded • Measure where the pipe flow is expected to be laminar and the pipe must be flowing full © UNEP 2005

26. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

27. Speed Measurement Tachometers and Stroboscopes • A tachometer is a contact type instrument that can be used where direct access is possible • A stroboscope is a source of flashing light that can be synchronized with any fast, repetitive motion so that a rapidly moving device seems to stand still, or to move slowly Monitoring Equipment Figures: A stroboscope to the left and a tachometer to the right © UNEP 2005

28. Speed Measurement Tachometers and Stroboscopes • Tachometers (contact type): • Used to measure the speed of rotation of a motor or pulley etc • The wheel is brought in contact with the rotating body that due to the friction obtains the same speed • Stroboscope: • This is a versatile flashing light source used to: • a) measure the speed of fast-moving objects or • b) to produce the optical effect of stopping or slowing down high-speed motion for observation, analysis, or high-speed photography Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

29. Speed Measurement Precautions • While using a contact type tachometer, care should be taken while bringing the wheel of the tachometer in contact with the rotating body • Loose clothing should never be worn while taking measurements with a tachometers • Taking measurements alone should be avoided Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

30. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

31. Leak Detectors What Does It Do? • Detects the ultrasonic sound of a leak • As long as the leak is turbulent, there will be enough sound to detect it ultrasonically • A leak test can be done in an enclosed area which is saturated with refrigerant • The electronic process heterodyning converts the high frequency leak sound to a lower range Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

32. Leak Detectors Where & How It’s Used? • The probe is slowly moved close to the gas or steam pipe line • Where the leak is a hissing sound can be heard through headphones Monitoring Equipment Figures: Leak detector © UNEP 2005

33. Leak Detectors Precautions • Dust or smoke should not come out of the pipe • Avoid measurement at the places where sound level is high • Safety precautions should be consulted from the operation manual Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

34. Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

35. Lux Meters What Does It Do? • Consist of a body, a photo cell and a readout • Light energy is transferred by the photo cell into an electric current that the meter calculates to the appropriate value of Lux or Foot candles • A standard color can be referred to as color temperature and is expressed in degrees Kelvin • The readings will vary with different light sources Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

36. Lux Meters Where & How It’s Used? • The sensor is placed at the work station or where the light intensity will be measured • The instrument will directly give the reading Monitoring Equipment Figures: Lux meter © UNEP 2005

37. Lux Meters Precautions • The sensor should be properly placed on the workstation • Due its high sensitivity, the sensor should be kept safely • Safety and precautions should be consulted from the operation manual Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2005

38. Training Session on Energy Equipment Monitoring Equipment THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Monitoring Equipment © UNEP GERIAP