New Sensor Technology: Air Monitoring for Fuel & Naphthalene- Related Risk Management

1. New Sensor Technology:Air Monitoring for Fuel & Naphthalene- Related Risk Management Janis Hulla, Ph.D., D.A.B.T janis.e.hulla@usace.army.mil 48th Annual Navy & Marine Corps Public Health Conf. March 2009 Opinions expressed are my own and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the Army Corps of Engineers, the Army or DOD.

2. Topics To Be Presented • The Naphthalene Impact Assessments • Scan-Watch-Action • The Naphthalene Dosimeter SBIR Project • Application of sensor technology to develop a real-time exposure monitor • The Naphthalene Dosimeter Validation Project • Part 1: Independent validation of the prototype’s performance • Part 2: Transform the exposure monitor into a dosimeter

3. Topic #1 The Naphthalene Impact Assessments

4. RMOs to GC Source: CMRM Directorate Here is Why Naphthalene’s on the “Action List” Cal OSHA: Newly recommended OEL is 13x lower & based on non-cancer endpoint EPA: Naphthalene may be reclassified as “likely” human carcinogen (NTP Results). 29CFR 1910.1200: If carcinogen content greater than 0.1%, the substance is considered a carcinogenic hazard. Naphthalenes are a 1-3 % component of JP8 and DOD’s annual JP8 consumption approximately 5 billion gallons. NRC-2002: JP8 is likely the single largest chemical exposure war fighters experience.

5. Naphthalene State of the Science Meeting, 10/06 * * FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 Naphthalene Phase I Impact Assessments (Noblis & CTC) Naphthalene Phase II Impact Assessment

6. NIOSH IDLH Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) NIOSH &ACGIH STELs NIOHS-RELOSHA- PEL Concentration: mg/m3 Ref. Conc. (RfC) Source: www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/naphthal.html How the Information Flows Nat’l Tox. Prog. EPA drafts Cancer Tox. value DOD anticipates regulatory Changes Phase I impact assessment Toxicity Values Reg. & Advisory #s The DOD doesa more rigorous Phase II impact assessment & develops risk management options.

7. New Naphthalene Regulation?Anticipated Impacts to DOD functions • Occupational Health • Fuel related exposures • Production, Operations, Maint. & Disposal of Assets • Newly identified air pollution • Readiness & Training • Increased fuel costs • Acquisitions-RDT&E • Environmental Restoration • Cleanup of sites w/ fuel…newly identified cancer risk & increase in Cost-to-Complete

8. Evolving Occupational Regulation: Anticipated ESOH impact PEL, 50 mg/m3 Cal-OSHA’s recommended OEL is 3.9 mg/m3 X

9. Anticipated Cleanup Program Impact Nat’l Tox. Prog. EPA drafts Naphthalene Risk Assessment Toxicity Values Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) Concentration: mg/m3 New cancer potency factor? (TBD, 2011) Ref. Conc. (RfC) Source: www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/naphthal.html

10. Naphthalene Phase II Assessment RMOs to GC Source: CMRM Directorate • QUANTITATIVE Impact Assessment • Objectives: • risk management options • strategic investment options

11. Topic #2The Naphthalene Dosimeter SBIR Project

12. Dosimeter SBIR Project Goal • Develop a naphthalene dosimeter as a tool to manage naphthalene-related health risks. • Apply new sensor technology to develop a real-time naphthalene dosimeter. • naphthalene-specific and quantitative • detection concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/m3 • audible alert signal at Immediate Danger to Life/Health • electronic logging of exposure over time, e.g., work shift • cell phone size • durable in cold, hot, humid and dusty environments

13. The Naphthalene Dosimeter Advisory Group formed 12/07, formally charter 7/08 Naphthalene State of the Science Meeting, 10/06 The dosimeter project was initiated soon after the EPA’s 2005 draft Risk Assessment. SBIR Dosimeter Concept Proposed 11/06 SBIR Solicited 6/07 SBIR Phase I Awarded 12/07 SBIR Phase II Award 12/08 * FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 1st Phase IImpact Assessment

14. The Naphthalene Dosimeter Advisory Group- Janis Hulla, PhD, DABT (Chair) Senior Toxicologist, Sacramento Dist. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

15. The Naphthalene Dosimeter SBIR Project • Funded by the Army Research Office • 2 SBIR Phase I contracts award in FY08, $75,000 each • 1 Phase II contract awarded for FY09-10, $750,000 • The SBIR Phase II Contractor • Photon Systems, Covina, CA, William Hug, PhD, CEO. • Army Research Office Project Manager • Micheline Strand, PhD (Army Research Office) • Project Science Manager • Janis Hulla, PhD, DABT (USACE-SPK) • funded by ARO and USACE’s FUDS & EMCX

16. Exposure to Petroleum-Based Fuels The single largest chemical exposure war fighters experience. Naphthalene Dosimeter SBIR Project Risk Management Options

17. Current Naphthalene Reg./Advisory Levels 1,310 mg/m3 IDLH . 50 mg/m3 PEL . Range targeted for the Naphthalene Dosimeter capability . Cal- OSHA’s recommended OEL is 3.9 mg/m3. X

18. Development of the Naphthalene Dosimeter

19. DODs’ Concept:Fuel Handling Deployments

20. Naph. mg/m3 Spectrometer Naph. mg/m3Prototype Dosimeter Assessing Performance of the PrototypesExposure Chamber Experiments • Photon Systems Inc. uses: • Hot/Cold finger for introduction of known vapor pressure of jet fuel, Naphthalene, & maybe other fuel components • Deep UV absorption spectrometer inside chamber for secondary calibration of vapor pressure

21. Topic #3 The Naphthalene Dosimeter Validation Part 1Independently validate the performance Part 2Transform a prototype exposure monitor into a dosimeter

22. SBIR Proposed 9/06 SBIR Solicited 6/07 SBIR Phase I Awarded 12/07 Validation Study, Part 1 SBIR Phase I Evaluated for Phase II award 9-11/08 SBIR Phase II Award 12/08 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 DOD-funded Validation Project Part 2 NIOSH investigator submitted proposals for NIOSH funding, 3/09 Temple University Exposure Chamber Proposal Submitted ?/09

23. Naph. mg/m3 Spectrometer Validation Study, Part 1Investigators and Goals • Rominder Suri, PhD, Temple University, Civil & Environmental Engineering • Independently validate prototype dosimeter performance: Sensitivity & Selectivity, • Define performance environmental parameter: Temperature, Humidity, Dust • DOD is the customer. • John Snawder, PhD, DABT, Biomonitoring Team, submitted a proposal • The Commercial Transportation Sector is the customer, i.e., NIOSH-Funded. Naph. mg/m3Prototype Dosimeter

24. Topic #3 The Naphthalene Dosimeter Validation Part 1 Independently validate the performance Part 2Transform a prototype exposure monitor into a dosimeter

25. SBIR Proposed 9/06 SBIR Solicited 6/07 SBIR Phase I Awarded 12/07 SBIR Phase I Evaluated for Phase II award 9-11/08 SBIR Phase II Award 12/08 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 DOD-funded Validation Project Part 2 NIOSH Exposure Chamber Proposal Submitted to NIOSH 3/09 Temple University Exposure Chamber Proposal Submitted ?/09

26. Validation: Naphthalene Biomarkers • Funding from the CMRM Directorate, OSD/OUSD (I&E) • $110,000, contract awarded to Army Research Office for FY09 • Develop Protocol, Institutional Review Board Approval, Recruit Fuel Handlers • Principal Investigator • Janis Hulla PhD, DABT, Toxicologist, Army Corps of Engineers-SPK • Co-Principal Investigators • John Snawder, PhD, DABT • NIOSH, Biomonitoring Team Leader • Susan Proctor, DSc • Epidemiologist, Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine • Micheline Strand, PhD: Project Management • Life Sciences Division Chief, Army Research Office

27. Others Involved with the Validation Project • CMRM Directorate, Project Manager • Paul Yaroschak, PE, Deputy Director • The CDC Foundation • Allan Buckpitt, PhD, UC-Davis • Collaborating Scientist in FY10 • Urine Metabolites/Adducts, Nasal Epithelium Adducts, P450 Activity and/or Expression

28. Naph. mg/m3Conventional Naph. mg/m3Prototype Field Validationof the prototype exposure monitor How does the new technology compare to conventional technology? ?

29. ♦ Risk Management Options Naphthalene Dosimeter SBIR First Goal to be realized: Assurance of occupational health protection.

30. The 1St Prototype is an Exposure Monitor.Here’s how we’re going to make it into a dosimeter:A DOD-Funded project that correlates environmental exposure with human biomarkers of exposure.

31. F(x): Naphthalene exposure biomarkers to [Naph. in Air]? Naph. Biomarkers Naph. mg/m3(Prototype) Making it a Dosimeter

32. Making it a Dosimeter • Urine metabolite/adduct biomarkers will inform: • PBPK models • Mode of Action By permission of Dr. Buckpitt.

33. By permission of Dr. Buckpitt. Making it a Dosimeter • Enzyme activity, expression (& adduct) biomarkers will inform: • PBPK models • Mode of Action • Biologically Based Dose-Response Model

34. From: Env Health Perspect, Vol 115, No 6, June 2007, PBTK Modeling Demonstrates Contribution of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure Components to End-Exhaled Breath Concentrations of Naphthalene, Kim, et al. Making it a Dosimeter Dermal, Exhaled Air & Urine Metabolite/Adduct analytical data will inform the PBPK & BBDR Models. Prototype Dosimeter Data

35. 2nd Goal to be realized: Address Risks to Cleanup programs IRIS

36. [naph] T1 [naph] T2 Vapor Intrusion Potential Future Direction: Cleanup Apply the naphthalene sensor to measure flux across the vadose zone.

37. RESPONSE DOSE Potential Future Direction: ESOH Epidemiology Study? Health Effects Data Gap?

38. Potential Future Direction: Operations Real-Time air monitoring?

39. Concluding.. Thank you for your kind attention. May I address your questions? Special Thanks to these Impact Assessment contributors: US Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventive Medicine, Noblis Inc., Booze-Allan Hamilton, Concurrent Technologies Corp.